Tuesday Lecture – Fruits and Nuts of Warm Regions

1. Tuesday Lecture – Fruits and Nuts of Warm Regions Reading: Textbook, Chapter 4

2. OPTIONAL ASSIGNMENT What are the tropics? - define and explain this term, especially as it applies to the factors that affect the growth of plants, including economically important ones. Due today - return as hard copy or by e-mail

5. QUIZ • Name a fruit that is from a member of the rose family, Rosaceae. • A hesperidium is a type of berry – how is it different from other berries? Give an example of a hesperidium.

6. Orangerie

7. Kumquat – Fortunella japonica and F. margarita

8. Cucurbitaceae – Squashes and their Relatives Many genera used for food; some also for various implements Fruit = pepo --- a berry with a hard rind ( enhances storage)

9. Cucurbitaceae – Squashes and their Relatives Many genera used for food; some also for various implements Fruit = pepo --- a berry with a hard rind ( enhances storage) Plants = vines, with tendrils

10. Cucurbitaceae – Squashes and their Relatives Many genera used for food; some also for various implements Fruit = pepo --- a berry with a hard rind ( enhances storage) Plants = vines, with tendrils Flowers – often unisexual, with 5 sepals, 5 united petals

11. Cucurbita Flowers See Fig. 4.5, p. 83

12. Cucurbita Flowers See Fig. 4.5, p. 83 Pistillate (“female”) Flower (note enlarged ovary at base)

13. Cucurbita Flowers See Fig. 4.5, p. 83 Pistillate (“female”) Flower Staminate (“male”) Flower (note slender stalk)

14. Cucurbita Flowers See Fig. 4.5, p. 83 Pistillate (“female”) Flower Staminate (“male”) Flower

15. Cucurbita Flowers See Fig. 4.5, p. 83 Pistillate (“female”) Flower Staminate (“male”) Flower

16. Cultivated Cucurbita Species - Squashes See Table 4.3, p. 84 C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc.

17. Cultivated Cucurbita Species - Squashes See Table 4.3, p. 84 C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc. C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin

18. Cultivated Cucurbita Species - Squashes See Table 4.3, p. 84 C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc. C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin C. maxima – winter squash, pumpkin

19. Cultivated Cucurbita Species - Squashes See Table 4.3, p. 84 C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc. C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin C. maxima – winter squash, pumpkin C. argyrosperma – winter squash, hubbard squash etc.

20. Cultivated Cucurbita Species - Squashes See Table 4.3, p. 84 C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc. C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin C. maxima – winter squash, pumpkin C. argyrosperma – winter squash, hubbard squash etc. First uses – probably for seeds; later used for fleshy part of fruit

21. Cultivated Cucurbita Species - Squashes See Table 4.3, p. 84 C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc. C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin C. maxima – winter squash, pumpkin C. argyrosperma – winter squash, hubbard squash etc. All New World Species

22. Cultivated Cucurbita Species - Squashes See Table 4.3, p. 84 C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc. C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin C. maxima – winter squash, pumpkin C. argyrosperma – winter squash, hubbard squash etc. All New World Species - separate domestications – eastern North America, Mexico, of C. pepo

23. Other Cultivated Cucurbits Old World: - Watermelon – Citrullus lanatus - Melons – Cucumis melo - Cucumbers – Cucumis sativus Luffa – Luffa cylindrica

24. Other Cultivated Cucurbits Old World: - Watermelon – Citrullus lanatus - Melons – Cucumis melo - Cucumbers – Cucumis sativus Luffa – Luffa cylindrica New World: - Chayote – Sechium edule

25. Other Cultivated Cucurbits Old World: - Watermelon – Citrullus lanatus - Melons – Cucumis melo - Cucumbers – Cucumis sativus Luffa – Luffa cylindrica New World: - Chayote – Sechium edule Global: - Bottle Gourd – Lagenaria siceraria

26. Bottle Gourds – evidence of pre-Columbian contact? • Archaeological Record: cultivated in Ecuador/Peru (7,000 years ago) and Egypt (3000 years ago) • Resolution: • people in reed boats? Fishermen? • gourds floating in oceanic currents?

27. Bottle Gourds – evidence of pre-Columbian contact? Erickson et al. PNAS 2005 102: 18315-18320 Resolution: (1) Discovery of truly wild bottle gourd in Africa

28. Bottle Gourds – evidence of pre-Columbian contact? • Erickson et al. PNAS 2005 102: 18315-18320 • Resolution: • Discovery of truly wild bottle gourd in Africa • Accurate identification of New World archeological samples • - fruit wall thickness, cellular structure, phytoliths

29. Bottle Gourds – evidence of pre-Columbian contact? • Erickson et al. PNAS 2005 102: 18315-18320 • Resolution: • Discovery of truly wild bottle gourd in Africa • Accurate identification of New World archeological samples • - fruit wall thickness, cellular structure, phytoliths • (3) Accurate dating of material using direct AMS C14 technology • - Florida (8100 yrs); Peru (8400 yrs); Mexico (10,000 yrs BP)

30. Bottle Gourds – evidence of pre-Columbian contact? • Erickson et al. PNAS 2005 102: 18315-18320 • Resolution: • Discovery of truly wild bottle gourd in Africa • Accurate identification of New World archeological samples • - fruit wall thickness, cellular structure, phytoliths • (3) Accurate dating of material using direct AMS C14 technology • - Florida (8100 yrs); Peru (8400 yrs); Mexico (10,000 yrs BP) • (4) DNA markers -> New World matches Asia, not Africa

31. Bottle Gourds – evidence of pre-Columbian contact? • Erickson et al. PNAS 2005 102: 18315-18320 • Resolution: • Discovery of truly wild bottle gourd in Africa • Accurate identification of New World archeological samples • - fruit wall thickness, cellular structure, phytoliths • (3) Accurate dating of material using direct AMS C14 technology • - Florida (8100 yrs); Peru (8400 yrs); Mexico (10,000 yrs BP) • (4) DNA markers -> New World matches Asia, not Africa • Conclusion: dog + gourds moved with early people from Asia

32. Adventures in Etymology – Love Apples Tomato – New World crop

33. Adventures in Etymology – Love Apples • Tomato – New World crop • 1544 (Matthiolus herbal: pomo d’oro = golden apple)

34. Adventures in Etymology – Love Apples • Tomato – New World crop • 1544 (Matthiolus herbal: pomo d’oro = golden apple) • possible transit: New World  Spain (ignored)  Morocco  Italy (pomo dei moro = Moor’s apple)

35. Adventures in Etymology – Love Apples • Tomato – New World crop • 1544 (Matthiolus herbal: pomo d’oro = golden apple) • possible transit: New World  Spain (ignored)  Morocco  Italy (pomo dei moro = Moor’s apple) • France, name transformed to pomme d’amour = love apple

36. Adventures in Etymology – Love Apples • Tomato – New World crop • 1544 (Matthiolus herbal: pomo d’oro = golden apple) • possible transit: New World  Spain (ignored)  Morocco  Italy (pomo dei moro = Moor’s apple) • France, name transformed to pomme d’amour = love apple • Early confusion in Europe/North America: • aphrodisiac (love apple) • poisonous (association with related plants of Solanaceae)

37. Adventures in Etymology – Love Apples • Tomato – New World crop • 1544 (Matthiolus herbal: pomo d’oro = golden apple) • possible transit: New World  Spain (ignored)  Morocco  Italy (pomo dei moro = Moor’s apple) • France, name transformed to pomme d’amour = love apple • Early confusion in Europe/North America: • aphrodisiac (love apple) • poisonous (association with related plants of Solanaceae) • Note: German name “wolf peach” (association with werewolves) became basis for genus name Lycopersicon

38. Tomato Wild ancestors of tomato – Peru and Galapagos Islands

39. Tomato Wild ancestors of tomato – Peru and Galapagos Islands Find Peru and the Galapagos Islands on the globe

40. Tomato Wild ancestors of tomato – Peru and Galapagos Islands Domestication – seems to have occurred in Mexico: Mayan name, xtomatl or tomatl Spanish tomate  tomato

41. Tomato Wild ancestors of tomato – Peru and Galapagos Islands Domestication – seems to have occurred in Mexico: Mayan name, xtomatl or tomatl Spanish tomate  tomato Classification: Traditional – distinct genus, Lycopersicon

42. Tomato Wild ancestors of tomato – Peru and Galapagos Islands Domestication – seems to have occurred in Mexico: Mayan name, xtomatl or tomatl Spanish tomate  tomato Classification: Traditional – distinct genus, Lycopersicon New Molecular-based Findings – part of Solanum (actually sister group to potatoes)

43. See Fig. 4.11, p. 90 Tomato – Flower and Fruit Notes: Stamens open by terminal pores  require shaking to release pollen

44. See Fig. 4.11, p. 90 Tomato – Flower and Fruit Notes: Stamens open by terminal pores  require shaking to release pollen Plants are quite sensitive to chemicals produced by walnuts (allelopathy)

45. Tomatoes – Modification under Domestication Cherry-tomato type – 2 carpels in ovary Fruit type = ?

46. Tomatoes – Modification under Domestication Cherry-tomato type – 2 carpels in ovary Fruit type = berry

47. Tomatoes – Modification under Domestication Cherry-tomato type – 2 carpels in ovary Intruded placentae

48. Tomatoes – Modification under Domestication Cherry-tomato type – 2 carpels in ovary Intruded placentae Colorful tomatoes

49. Pineapples – The Multiple Fruit Ananas comosus - Bromeliaceae See Fig. 4.16, p. 93

50. What is a Cereal?