World War I

1. World War I

2. The Balkans in 1878

3. Crisis in the Balkans, 1908-1913 • Ottoman Empire (Turkey) becoming weaker • Balkan peoples want to become free from the Ottoman Turks • Serbia wants to create a Slavic state (home for Slavs) • Many Slavs live in Russia, so Russia supports Serbia • Many Slavs also live in Austria-Hungary, but Austria-Hungary does NOT support Serbia. (They are afraid that the Slavs in Austria-Hungary will rebel) • THEN, Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1908 • This creates a bad feeling between Serbia and Austria-Hungary • Serbian protest, Russian support of Serbia • Leads to Balkan Wars • SUMMARY: Serbia and Austria-Hungary don’t like each other!

4. Long and short-term causes of World War I • Assasination (political murder): World War I began when the Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated in Sarajevo by a member of the Serbian terrorist organization known as the “Black Hand”. • Nationalism (the feeling of pride and loyalty people have for their country) caused countries to compete with each other. Also, ethnic groups (like the Serbs) began to call for independence. • Imperialism (strong countries want to take over smaller countries) made countries compete for colonies and world power. • Alliances (promise to help another country if they are attacked) were made between European Countries supposedly the maintain a “balance of power” but proved dangerous when one member of an alliance was threatened.

5. Triple Alliance/Central Powers Austria-Hungary Germany Italy Ottoman Empire/Turkey (joined later in the war) Triple Entente/Allied Powers Great Britain France Russia Serbia (part of Allied Powers but not Triple Entente) Who’s with who? Triple Alliance and Triple Entente were the names of the Alliances made before the War. Central Powers and Allied Powers are the names each side was given during the war. Triple = Before Powers = During

6. Important Dates • June 28, 1914: Franz Ferdinand assassinated • July 28, 1914: World War I starts • April 1917: US enters the War • March 1918: Russia leaves the War (signs Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) • June 28, 1919: Treaty of Versailles signed…war officially over

7. US was neutral for first 3 years of WWI • May 1915: German submarine sinks the British cruise ship Lusitania, which was carrying 1200 passengers and a cargo of ammunition for British rifles. • US President Wilson demanded that Germany stop submarine warfare

8. Why does the US join the War? 1) The Germans announced early in 1917 that they will use submarines again to attack any ship (military or passenger). 2) The British intercept (catch) the "Zimmermann Telegraph." Germany promises Mexico that if they join the war and fight against the US, Germany will give them back all the land they lost to the US. On April 2, 1917, Wilson asks Congress to declare war on Germany.

9. Weapons of the Great War: • Tanks • Poison gas • Dogfights • Machine guns

10. Trench Warfare These British troops are shown on the front line in the Somme area in August 1916. The Battle of the Somme, in the summer and fall of 1916, achieved almost no changes in the positions of the German and Allied armies, but 420,000 British, 200,000 French, and 450,000 Germans lost their lives, and the area was almost totally destroyed.

11. “No Man’s Land”: The Land in between the trenches

12. Russia leaves the War • Russia was not industrialized like other countries in Western Europe…so the Russian army never had enough food, guns, bullets, clothes, boots or blankets. • However, they had lots of people! Russia was able to stay in the war because no matter how many people Germany killed, Russia had more people it could send to war. This kept Germany busy on the Eastern Front and made it easier for France and Great Britain, who were fighting Germany on the Western Front. • Russian people finally become sick of the war…Russian Revolution begins…Russia signs Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany and leaves the war. • Go to page 7 to read about the Russian Revolution.

13. Treaty of Versailles: Ends WWI • President Wilson’s “Fourteen Points”: • National self-determination - each national group should be able to choose their future. For example, Polish people should live under a Polish government, if that was what they wanted. , • League of Nations - an organization of nations established at the end of World War I to maintain world stability and peace. Later this became the model for the United Nations • Mandate System: a mandate was a region administered by another country until it was judged ready for independence. The Versailles Treaty divided the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) into mandates, lands to be supervised or governed by the Allies under the direction of the League of Nations. France received Syria and Lebanon, and Britain received Palestine, Jordan and Iraq. Turkey only got to keep the part that is current-day Turkey. • Reparations: $ that the loser must pay to winner to compensate for war damage. Germany had to pay lots of $$ to the Allies.

14. Communism comes to Europe and Asia

15. Least private ownership Most government control of Economy Most private ownership Least government control of Economy Economic Systems Communism/Socialism/Marxism Capitalism

16. Leading up to the Russian Revolution • Remember Alexander II? He freed the serfs in Russia, but was later assassinated. • His son, Alexander III and his grandson, Nicholas II ended reforms started by Alexander the II. They were autocratic rulers.

17. Examples of how Alexander III and Nicholas II kept control: • Censorship • Secret Police • Teacher reports on students • Political prisoners sent to Siberia • Russian language only • Pogroms (organized violence against Jews)

18. Marxism • Ideas of Karl Marx • Predicted that Capitalism would be “thrown off” by the workers (called the Proletariat) • The resulting society would have no classes (rich and poor) • All “means of production” (think, machines, factories) would be shared and owned by all the people.

19. How did Czar Nicholas II lose control? • War with Japan (who would control Manchuria and Korea) • Bloody Sunday/Revolution of 1905: 200,000 workers walked to czar’s Winter Palace to ask Nicholas II for better conditions…1,000 wounded and several hundred killed when military fired on the crowd • The Public responded with strikes and violence, so the czar created the Duma (like the US Congress)…but closed it in 10 weeks • WWI

20. March Revolution • March 1917: 200,000 women in Petrograd lead citywide strike (not enough bread or fuel, wanted end to war) • Czar abdicates (gives up) the throne • Duma creates temporary government • But…they stay in the war, so the people are still unhappy and become more attracted to Marxist/Socialist ideas

21. LeninВлади́мирИльи́чЛе́нин Led the more radical Bolshevik Marxists in their takeover of Russia Father of Communist Russia

22. Bolshevik Revolution • “Peace, Land, Bread” • Bolsheviks storm the Winter Palace and take over the government • Lenin… • distributes farmland to the people • Gives control of factories to people • Ends Russian involvement in WWI • Murders royal family • Not everyone happy, so Civil War follows…14 million Russians die over 3 years from fighting and famine (not enough food) • Eventually, Lenin and the Bolsheviks win and create the USSR. Stalin rules after Lenin’s death

23. Communism spreads to China after WWII • Remember the Boxers in China? (They didn’t like the foreigners and killed 230 people in Beijing in 1901) • Many people wanted China to modernize…but the Qing dynasty wanted to keep traditional ways • 1911: The Kuomintang/Nationalists overthrew the last emperor of the Qing dynasty • Sun Yixian becomes the leader of China

24. Sun Yixian’s China • He wanted to create a China where: • 1) End to foreign control • 2) Democracy • 3) Economic security for all Chinese • He was not strong enough to unify China and gave power to Yuan Shikai, who did not honor the democratic ideas • As a result, civil war began in 1916

25. Beginning of Communist movement in China • 1921: Group meets in Shanghai to organize the Chinese Communist Party. Mao Zedong (assistant librarian at the time) helps to start this group. • So we have two main groups in China: Kuomintang / Nationalists Leaders: Sun Yixian Jiang Jieshi (after Yixian’s death) Communists Leader: Mao Zedong

26. How do the Communists take over? • First Sun Yixian tries to form a government with the Communists…Lenin sends help • After Yixian dies, though, Jiang Jieshi takes over. He is afraid of Communism. He is also corrupt and takes away democracy…making the peasants trust the Communists even more than before. • This starts a Civil War between the Nationalists and the Communists

27. The Long March (1934-1935) • After being surrounded by 700,000 Nationalist forces, the Communist forces realize that they will lose…so 100,000 of them escape and make “the long march”. They go 6,000 miles (NY to San Fran and back) in one year. Only 7-8,000 people survive the march.

28. Finally, the Communists are successful • Nationalists and Communists temporarily quit fighting during WWII • At the end of the war, the Civil War resumes (1946-1949). • Nationalists seem to have a military advantage, but they do not have the support of the people. • Mao Zedong and the Communists win the war and create the People’s Republic of China • Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists retreat to Taiwan

29. Impact of China and Russia on Cold War • US gives money to Taiwan, calling it the REAL Republic of China • Russia/USSR supports mainland China and Mao Zedong • Until 1989, “cold” war between Democracy (represented by superpower US) and Communism (represented by Russia/USSR)