RESEARCH- upload

1. RESEARCH Prof.Dr.PaulineSharmila Vice Principal Tagore CON Chennai

2. Introduction Research is a process to discover new knowledge to find answers to a question. The word research has two parts re (again) and search (find) which denotes that we are taking up an activity to look into an aspect once again or we want to look for some new information about something.

3. Definition Systematic approach to gathering information for the purposes of answering questions and solving problems in the pursuit of creating new knowledge about nursing practice, education and policy. (Hek and Moule, 2006)

4. Points to NOTE • a systematic process • a search for new knowledge or deepening understanding • activities are planned and logical • a search for an answer to a question.

5. Research is a "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge".

6. Research is a careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge

7. It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and error.

8. Nursing research Nursing research develops knowledge about health and the promotion of health over the full lifespan, care of persons with health problems and disabilities, and nursing actions to enhance the ability of individuals to respond effectively to actual or potential health problems.

9. Nursing research is research that provides evidence used to support nursing practices. Nursing, as an evidence-based area of practice, has been developing since the time of Florence Nightingale

10. • Florence Nightingale – Note on Nursing – 1859 • Environmental factors that promote physical and emotional wellbeing • Mortality and morbidity of soldiers in Crimean War • Analysis of factors

11. Need

12.  Build body of knowledge unique to nursing  Improve the quality of nursing care services  Autonomy  Validate nursing as a profession.  Develops Critical thinking  Problem Solving Ability

13. • New Techniques of Nursing Intervention • EBP (One definition of evidence-based practice suggest it is the use of best evidence in making decisions about patient care (Sackettet al) • To keep abreast with the current information appropriate for nursing practice • Rationale for actions • Cost-effective way for delivering Nursing Care

14. Phases Of Research process I – Conceptual phase II – Design and Planning Phase III – Empirical Phase IV – Analytic Phase V – Dissemination Phase

15. I -The Conceptual Phase Formulating the clinical problem, reviewing the literature, and determining the research purpose.

16. I -Conceptual phase • Initial phase • Involves the intellectual process • Time-consuming • Literature on the topic of interest • Continually refine and narrow down the topic • Establish a purpose

17. I -Conceptual phase A thorough review of the literature needs to be conducted to fully understand: • The scope and significance of the problem • The state of the science • Gaps in the literature. Discuss with experts Systematic review Theoretical or conceptual framework of the study

18. I -Conceptual phase cont…. • Specify the research purpose, research questions, and research hypothesis. • The purpose of a study is a declarative statement that identifies the focus of the study, variables of interest, and the targeted population. • The overall goal of the conceptual phase of the research process is to articulate an important research question that can be developed into a feasible, important, valid, and ethical study design.

19. II-The Design and Planning Phase • The research design is the overall plan for conducting a study that will optimize the ability to achieve the study purpose and obtain accurate results. • Selecting a research design, developing study procedures, determining the sampling and data collection plan • Quantitative • Qualitative

20. Design • Non-Experimental • Experimental • Quasi-Experimental

21. QUALITATIVE • Phenomenology -To understand the lived experiences of persons. • Grounded Theory -To understand the social and psychological processes that characterize an event or situation. • Ethnography- To describe and interpret cultural behavior.

22. II-Design Phase • Non-experimental • Descriptive – describe and/or compare characteristics or prevalence • Correlational – to examine relationships among variables • Methodological – to develop the reliability and validity of instruments . • Collection of data without any intervention

23. II-Design Phase • Quasi-Experimental • Manipulation (intervention) Missing Characteristic: Control (control orcomparisongroup) AND/OR Randomization (assignment to intervention or control group randomly) • Intervention

24. II – Design Phase • Experimental • Manipulation (intervention) • Control (control or comparison group) AND • Randomization (assignment to intervention or control group randomly) • Intervention

25. II-Design phase Sampling Plan Sample selection  Sample size  Inclusion and exclusion criteria 

26. II-Design It is impossible to collect data from an entire population of interest, data is collected from a subset of the target population who will be representative of the whole population.

27. II-Design Phase Data Collection • Qualitative research, data sources typically include field observation, interviews, and/or document analysis.(Non – Numerical ) • In Quantitative research-Data sources that are quantifiable, objective, precise, consistent and reproducible need to be defined. ( Numerical ) • Biophysical data, self-report questionnaires, or observational data is often utilized.

28. Reliability and Validity  All instruments must have evidence of adequate reliability and validity.  Instrument reliability refers to the extent to which an instrument consistently measures an attribute, variable or construct.  Instrument validity refers to the extent to which the instrument measures what it is intended to measure.

29. Finalize the Research Design • Ethical Procedures It is imperative that all research involving human subjects be examined by an objective ethical review board whose purpose is to safeguard the welfare of study participants. • Informed Consent • Pilot Study

30. III-The Empirical Phase Collecting data and preparing data for analysis. • What data will be collected • How the data will be collected (i.e., in person, over the phone) • Who will collect the data • How data collectors will be trained • The data collection procedure (i.e., what order forms are filled out, what the interview questions are.

31. IV -The Analytic Phase Analyzing the data and interpreting the results

32. V -The Dissemination Phase Communicating results to appropriate audience • An introduction • Description of the method • Results • Discussion of major findings • Conclusion IMRaD

34. Steps of the Scientific Method • Formulating and delimiting the problem • Reviewing the related literature • Undertaking clinical fieldwork • Conceptual framework • Hypothesis Conceptual phase

35. • Selecting the research design • Developing Intervention Protocols • Identifying the population • Designing the Sampling Plan • Specifying methods to measure research variable • Developing methods to safeguard the subject • Finalizing the research plan Design & Planning Phase

36. • Collection of Data • Preparation of data analysis Empirical Phase

37. •Analysing the Data •Interpreting the results Analytic Phase •Communicating the findings •Utilizing the findings Dissemination Phase

38. Characteristics of a Good Research 1. Appropriate methodology &Empirical. 2. Representative Sample & Generalization of findings 3. Systematic 4. Reliability. 5. Validity. 6. Employs hypothesis

39. 7. Ethically bound 8. Replicability 9. Analytical & Accuracy. 10.Credibility. 11. Objective &Logical research process