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1. Light Click to move on Mike Turner, May 2004

2. Sources of Light Anything that produces light is called a light source. Light sources can be natural, eg. the sun, or artificial, such as light bulbs or television screens. Click to move on Mike Turner, May 2004

3. Travelling Light Light travels from a light source in straight lines. We call these light rays. When we draw light rays, we must use a ruler, and we must always draw an arrow on the line to show the direction the light is travelling in, away from the source. Click to move on Mike Turner, May 2004

4. Travelling Light Light passes easily through air. We say it is transparent. If light hits an opaque object, it cannot pass through. This causes a shadow, as the light rays cannot bend around the object. Some materials, eg. tracing paper, will let some light through, but we cannot see through them clearly as if we were looking through a transparent material such as glass. We say these materials are translucent. Click to move on Mike Turner, May 2004

5. Why We See Things We see things when rays of light from them enter our eyes. The rays of light can travel directly into our eyes if they are from a light source such as from a light hulb. However, we see most things because they reflect some light into our eyes. Click to move on Mike Turner, May 2004

6. The Eye and the Camera The eye and the camera both work in a very similar way. They each have a hole which allows light rays in, and produce an inverted (upside down) image. Rays of light travel in all directions from the head, but most of them cannot get into the box. However, imagine a ray of light from the top of the head that is heading towards the pinhole. (Click). Imagine another ray of light travelling from the bottom of the head. This ends up at the top of the image. We end up with an image that is inverted. The Eye Click to move on Mike Turner, May 2004

7. Reflection and Scattering When light hits an object, some of it is reflected. How much is reflected depends on the colour (see later), and how rough or smooth the surface is. A mirror has a very smooth surface and is an extremely good reflector. Most surfaces have a rough texture, and they scatter the light in all directions. Road surafces are rough, but when the surface is wet water fills in the holes and the smooth surface becomes very shiny as it reflects a lot more light. Excellent interactive reflection demo Click to move on Mike Turner, May 2004

8. The Law of Reflection If we shine a ray of light at a mirror we can predict how the ray will bounce off. Click to move on Mike Turner, May 2004

9. The Law of Reflection Ray box Angle of incidence I Normal Line R 90o Angle of reflection The angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection. Reflected ray Mike Turner, May 2004

10. periscope How a Periscope Works Mike Turner, May 2004

11. glass Bending Light - Refraction Air A ray of light changes direction when it goes into a different substance. This is called refraction. Mike Turner, May 2004

12. Air glass Bending Light - Refraction Mike Turner, May 2004

13. Air glass Bending Light - Refraction Mike Turner, May 2004

14. Apparently bent pencil actual pencil Fill a beaker with water, put your pencil in it and look at the pencil from above, draw the diagram below to show what you see and try to draw in the light rays. Bent Pencil refraction Mike Turner, May 2004

15. Apparently bent pencil actual pencil The ray of light seems to come from here, this is where you see the pencil refraction Mike Turner, May 2004

16. Refraction At Work A fish swimming underwater looks to an observer above the water to be in a different position to where it actually is. Remember the coin in the cup trick! Looking into water Click to move on Mike Turner, May 2004

17. White Light? • What we think of as white light is actually a mixture of all colours of light. • Sir Isaac Newton decided that white light is made up of seven colours : • Red • Orange • Yellow • Green • Blue • Indigo • Violet • We now know that the human eye can distinguish millions of different colours and shades. We can use a saying such as : RichardofYorkgavebattleinvain ✩Try to think of your own saying to help you remember the colours of a spectrum. Newton's prisms Click to move on Mike Turner, May 2004

18. Prisms Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet White light Dispersion of white light to produce a spectrum occurs because some colours refract more than others. Mike Turner, May 2004

19. Red Filter BlueFilter Colour Filters When white light is shone towards a colour filter, not all of it is transmitted through the filter. The red light passes through the filter. All the other colours are absorbed. This time blue light passes through the filter. All the other colours are absorbed. Click to move on Mike Turner, May 2004

20. Mixing Colours We can mix coloured light to form other colours. Mixing light is very different to mixing paints. The three primary colours are red, green and blue. These are the only colours that a television screen produces. The whole picture is made up of red, green and blue dots! When mixed in pairs these produce the three secondary colours, cyan, magenta and yellow (these are the three coloured inks you find in a colour printer). Click to move on Mike Turner, May 2004

21. The Primary Colours Click to move on Mike Turner, May 2004

22. Magenta Red + Blue = Click to move on Mike Turner, May 2004

23. Yellow Red + Green = Click to move on Mike Turner, May 2004

24. Cyan Blue + Green = Click to move on Mike Turner, May 2004

25. White Red + Green + Blue = Mixing Primary Colours Click to move on Mike Turner, May 2004

26. Coloured Objects A green object looks green because it reflects green light and absorbs the other colours. Can you explain these examples? Click to move on Mike Turner, May 2004

27. Why do different objects look different colours? • We see non-luminous objects because they reflect light into our eyes. ✩RED objects look red becausethey reflect only RED light ✩BLUE objects look BLUE because they reflect only BLUE light Click to move on Mike Turner, May 2004

28. Remember! Only RED light can get through a RED filter Only BLUE light can getthrough a BLUE filter Click to move on Mike Turner, May 2004

29. BLUE object and BLUE filter BLUE objects reflect only blue light So it looks BLUE A BLUE filter lets blue light through Click to move on Mike Turner, May 2004

30. RED object and RED filter. So it looks RED RED objects reflect only RED light A RED filter lets RED light through Click to move on Mike Turner, May 2004

31. RED object and BLUE filter BLUE filters only let through BLUE light. The RED light gets absorbed RED objects reflect only RED light No light gets here so the object looks BLACK Click to move on Mike Turner, May 2004

32. 1. Draw a diagram to show how we see a non-luminous red object in white light, your diagram should show why the object appears red. The bulb produces white light. TheREDobject reflectsREDlight into our eye, all other colours of light are absorbed by the object. Click to move on Mike Turner, May 2004

33. 2. What colour would a red object appear in red light? RED 3. What colour would a blue object appear through a blue filter? BLUE 4. Why do black objects appear black in white light? Because they absorb all colours of light. 5. What colour would a blue object appear through a red filter? BLACK Click to move on Mike Turner, May 2004

34. You have now reached the end of the revision presentation for the ‘Light’ topic. I hope you have found it useful. If you have any ideas to improve this presentation please let Mr. Turner know. Thank you for looking at this work, and good luck in your test. Click to finish Mike Turner, May 2004