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Problem of the Day!!!

Problem of the Day!!! . 3/4 . A DNA molecule is made up of 4 nitrogen bases, what are they? . Chapter 4 Section 4 – The DNA Connection. The order of the nitrogen bases along a gene forms a genetic code that specifies what type of protein will be produced. .

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Problem of the Day!!!

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  1. Problem of the Day!!! 3/4 A DNA molecule is made up of 4 nitrogen bases, what are they?

  2. Chapter 4 Section 4 – The DNA Connection The order of the nitrogen bases along a gene forms a genetic code that specifies what type of protein will be produced. The production of proteins is called protein synthesis.

  3. During protein synthesis, the cell uses information from a gene on a chromosome to produce a specific protein. Protein synthesis takes place on the ribosome in the cytoplasm of the cell. That lead us to the question – how does the information to produce protein get from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?

  4. The role of RNA RNA – Ribonucleic Acid is the genetic messenger of the cell.

  5. Characteristics of RNA • RNA is single stranded. DNA is double stranded. • The sugar molecule found in RNA is different from DNA. Ribose verse Deoxyribose. • The nitrogen bases of RNA contain Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil. • RNA comes in several forms. Messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

  6. Types of RNA produced during transcription

  7. messenger RNA (mRNA) • Function: Read by ribosomes during translation; the mRNA provides the instructions for building a protein.

  8. transfer RNA (tRNA) • Function: Deciphers the mRNA sequence (in triplets = codon) and brings the correct amino acid (protein building block) to the ribosome for addition to the new protein chain.

  9. How do cells make RNA? Transcription • DNA is used as a template for the creation of RNA using the enzyme RNA polymerase. • RNA polymerase reads the nucleotides on the DNA template strand and synthesizes a complementary RNA sequence. • The sequence of the resulting RNA will be similar to the DNA coding strand. Uracil will take the place of thymine.

  10. Protein Synthesis

  11. Mutations •  A mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene. This mutant allele/phenotype is a change or variation from the most common or wildtype allele/phenotype. •  Mutations may not be good nor bad, just different from the majority in the population. •  Mutations in different parts of a gene may cause the same disorder OR may cause distinct phenotypes/disorders.

  12. Most are minor. • Many are harmful. • Some are lethal. • Very few are helpful. • Types of mutations: • Germ mutation - occur in gametes. • Somatic mutation - occur in body cells.

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