The Human Body

1. The Human Body 7th Grade Science Grovetown Middle School

2. Table of Contents –Write on back of Cover Page Body Organization 1 Types of Tissues 2 Sexual and Asexual Reproduction 3 Skeletal System 4-5 Muscular System 6-7 Integumentary System 8-9 Cardiovascular System 10-11

3. Table of Contents (cont) Lymphatic System 12-13 Nervous System 14-15 Respiratory System 16-17 Digestive System 18-19 Urinary System 20-21 Endocrine System 22-23 How do you see? 24

4. Table of Contents (cont) How do you hear? 25 How do you taste? 26 How do you smell? 27 How do you touch? 28 What causes diseases? 29 Defending against diseases 30-31 Glossary 32-33 Extra Credit Page 34

5. Body Organization and Types of Tissues • Bodies must maintain homeostasis, a stable internal environment, in order to survive • Cells form tissues form organs form organ systems form organisms Draw a picture for each – Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism • Four Types of Body Tissue Picture pg 440 • Epithelial – covers and protects under layers of tissue – stick tightly together forming a continuous sheet • Nervous – electrical signals through body • Muscle – cells that can contract and relax to produce movement • Connective – joins, supports, protects, insulates, nourishes, and cushions organs

6. Asexual Reproduction • Only one parent and the offspring is genetically identical to the parent. • Types of asexual reproduction • Binary fission – mitosis – when a cell divides (draw this picture for this page 98-99) • Budding – when new cell grows out of the body of the parent and breaks off to form a new organism • Vegetative reproduction – occurs in plants when sections of the plant are removed and planted – a new plant grows identical to the parent

7. Sexual Reproduction • Two parents are needed • Genetic material is combined to produce an organism that is genetically different from the parents • Genetics can be predicted using a Punnet Square • Sex cells contain ½ the number of chromosomes that a regular cell contains • Sex cells are formed through meiosis (draw this picture for this page 128-129)

8. Skeletal System • Function of the System • Protects heart, lungs, spinal cord, and brain • Stores minerals for proper functioning and fat for energy • Anchors muscles to produce movement • Makes blood cells

9. Skeletal System • Vocabulary picture pg 449 • Compact bone – no visible open space • Spongy bone – many open spaces – provides most of the strength and support • Marrow – soft tissue inside bones • Red marrow produces red blood cells • Yellow marrow stores fat

10. Skeletal System • Joint – place where 2 or more bones come together • Sliding joints – allow hand bones to glide over one another • Ball and socket – allows movement in all directions – shoulder • Hinge – flex joint about 180 degrees – knees and elbows • Fixed joints allow no movement – plates in skull • Picture pg 446

11. Skeletal System • Ligaments – connect bones for movement • Injuries and Diseases • Strained ligaments - heal • torn ligaments need surgery • Arthritis - Cartilage between bones wears away • Bones can be cracked or broken

12. Muscular System • Function of the System • To move, send electrical signals from brain to skeletal muscle – muscle responds by expanding or contracting • Voluntary muscles – under your control – hand/arm/leg movement • Involuntary muscles – not under control – heartbeat, blinking, breathing • Muscles work in pairs – flexor bends – extensor straightens

13. Muscular System • Vocabulary picture pg 453 • Three types of muscle tissue • Smooth muscle – digestive tract and blood vessels • Cardiac muscle – heart • Skeletal muscle – attached to bones for movement • Tendons – connect muscles to bones • Injuries and Diseases • Muscles and tendons can be over stretched or torn • Muscles can cramp • Anabolic steroids resemble testosterone – this builds muscle mass – it frequently kills its users by stopping the heart, liver and kidneys

14. Integumentary System • Function of the system • Protects – keeps moisture in body and foreign particles out • Nerve endings help you feel • Regulates body temperature – sweat glands cool skin • Get rid of waste – through sweat glands and keeps the body cool • Produces Vitamin D to help with digestion

15. Integumentary System • Vocabulary • Skin – picture pg 460 • Epidermis – thin outside layer of skin – most cells are dead epithelial tissue and contain keratin which makes skin tough - Melanin determines skin color – more melanin darker the skin – absorbs harmful radiation • Dermis – thick inside layer of skin – connective tissue made of collagen – provides strength and the ability to bend without tearing

16. Integumentary System • Blood vessels – regulate body temp • Nerves – carry messages to and from brain • Muscle fiber – contracts the hair causing it to stand up • Hair follicles – produce hair • Oil glands – release oil to keep flexible – waterproofs the epidermis • Sweat glands – cools skin and removes waste

17. Integumentary System • Hair protects from ultraviolet light, protects from dust and insects, and help regulate body temperature • Nails protect tips of fingers and toes – form from base and sides • Injuries and Diseases • Cuts, scrapes, and burns • Skin Cancer – uncontrolled cell division in skin when exposed too often to the sun • Sunburn • Can get diseases if not kept clean and dry

18. Cardiovascular System (Circulatory System) • Function of the system • To carry oxygenated blood to the cells and take away waste from the cells. • Helps to fight disease • Vocabulary • Blood is connective tissue that is made of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets that float in plasma – the liquid part of blood • 4 blood types • A – A antigens • B – B antigens • AB has both antigens – can get any type of blood – universal recipient • O has neither antigen – can be given to anyone – universal donor • Red blood cells supply oxygen - RBC’s contain hemoglobin – protein that clings to oxygen RBC’s are made in the bone marrow and replaced every 4 months

19. Cardiovascular System • Picture pg 511 • Blood vessels - hollow tubes that transport blood • Arteries – take blood away from the heart – they have thick walls to handle the pressure and this is where you feel your pulse • Capillaries – allows material to diffuse through the wall to cells and back • Veins – take blood back to heart

20. Cardiovascular System • Picture pg 517 • White blood cells – destroy pathogens – bacteria, viruses etc. WBC’s surround the pathogen and destroy it or they release antibodies – chemicals that destroy them. WBC’s made in bone marrow and in lymphatic organs • Platelets – clump together in damaged area to prevent blood loss – blood clot – made in bone marrow and only live 5-10 days

21. Cardiovascular System • Picture pg 509 • Pulmonary circulation – when blood is transported between heart and lungs • Systemic Circulation – when blood is transported from the heart to the rest of the body

22. Cardiovascular System • Injuries and Diseases • Atherosclerosis – when cholesterol builds up inside blood vessels – become narrower and less elastic – causes heart attacks • Hypertension – abnormally high blood pressure • Stroke - when blood vessels in the brain become clogged or rupture • Heart Attack – blood vessels in the heart are blocked – the heart can’t work so it begins a seizure in the heart and it eventually stops

23. Lymphatic System • Function of the system • Collects excess fluids and returns them to the blood stream and fights pathogens • Vocabulary picture pg 521 • Lymph – fluid and particles absorbed by the lymph capillaries • Lymph Nodes – small bean-shaped organs where particles are removed from lymph • Lymphatic vessels – larger vessels with valves to prevent backflow

24. Lymphatic System • Thymus – located just above heart – releases WBC’s to travel to other areas • Spleen – largest lymph organ – upper left side of abdomen – filters blood and releases WBC’s • Tonsils – located in back of nasal cavity and back of tongue defend against infection • Injuries and Diseases • swelling of lymph nodes commonly called “swollen glands” • Lymphomas – cancer of the lymphatic system • enlarged spleen and tonsillitis.

25. Nervous System • Function of the system • Gathers information about what is happening inside and outside the body • interprets information and directs the body to respond • Provides for reflex actions – a quick involuntary action to prevent injury to a body part • Vocabulary picture pg 603 • Central Nervous System – brain and spinal cord • Peripheral Nervous System – nerves that connect to central nervous system

26. Nervous System • Peripheral system contains picture pg 598 • Neurons – cells that transfer messages • Cell body – contains nucleus and organelles • Dendrites – branched extensions that receives messages • Axon – fiber that transports information • Axon terminal – tip of axon that connects to dendrite • Impulses – the messages

27. Nervous System • Two types of Neurons • Sensory - gathers info and sends to central nervous system uses receptors • Motor neurons – how muscles get the impulses to move • Nerves – bundles of axons that extend throughout the body

28. Nervous System • Central Nervous System picture pg 605 • Brain – largest organ in system – controls voluntary and involuntary actions – contains 3 parts • Cerebrum – largest part – dome shaped part where you think and where most memories are stored – controls voluntary movement • Cerebellum – second largest part – receives sensory impulses from muscles and joints – keeps track of body position • Medulla – connects brain to spinal cord – controls involuntary actions

29. Nervous System • Spinal Cord - contains neurons and axon bundles from the brain – surrounded by vertebrae for protection. Enables brain to communicate with peripheral nervous system

30. Nervous System • Injuries and Diseases • Injury to spinal cord causes paralysis – inability to send messages to lower body • Concussions – bruise like injuries to the brain – soft tissue of the brain smashes into the skull – can pass out or stay awake – can happen during car accidents, bike accidents, bumping into things etc. • Severing nerves – cutting deep into body parts can cut nerves into pieces that cannot be healed. The person looses feeling in that part of the body

31. Respiratory System • Function of the system • Respiration the entire process by which a body obtains and uses oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide and water Oxygen is needed to convert food to energy • Vocabulary picture pg 537 • Nose – primary passage in and out • Pharynx – air, food, and drink pass through this – splits into two tubes – one to lungs and one to stomach • Larynx – voice box – controls vocal cords which vibrate to produce sound • Trachea – windpipe from larynx to lungs • Bronchi – 2 pipes – one leads to each lung bronchioles – tiny tubes • Lungs – contain air – forms tiny air sacs called alveoli – capillaries get oxygen from alveoli

32. Respiratory System • Diaphragm – muscle that makes you breathe • Alveoli – tiny sacks that hold air • Injuries and Diseases • Asthma – bronchioles constrict and secrete mucus • Bronchitis – irritation to lining of bronchioles • Pneumonia – bacteria or virus inside lungs • Emphysema – eroded lung tissue due to smoking • Lung cancer – growth of extra tissue due to smoking

33. Digestive System • Function of the system • Mechanical Digestion – crushing of food into molecules • Chemical Digestion – molecules broken down into nutrients • Enzymes – breaks down nutrients into smaller particles

34. Digestive System • Vocabulary picture pg 487 - 488 • Teeth – break and grind food – enamel is hardest material in body and protects nerves – saliva contains enzymes that begin chemical digestion • Salivary gland – makes saliva and begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates • Mouth – opening into the digestive system – begins mechanical and chemical digestion • Throat – back of the mouth where peristalsis begins • Esophagus – transports food to stomach using peristalsis – squeezing through with muscle contractions. • Stomach – enzymes and acid are produced to kill bacteria and break food down – this creates chyme – a soupy mixture

35. Digestive System • Small Intestine – connected to stomach – mixes chyme with fluids from liver and pancreas – most chemical digestion takes place here using villi – fingerlike projections that contain nutrient-absorbing cells – send nutrients to blood stream

36. Digestive System • Pancreas – makes pancreatic juice containing bicarbonates that neutralized the acid in chyme – also makes hormones to regulate blood sugar • Liver – makes bile to digest fat – stores nutrients – breaks down toxic substances – makes cholesterol • Gallbladder – stores bile from liver and transports it to the small intestine

37. Digestive System • Large Intestine – what is not absorbed in small intestine – reabsorbs most water and compacts solid mass called feces or stool • Rectum stores feces till it passes out the anus

38. Digestive System • Injury and Diseases • Heartburn – sphincters block off stomach from backflow – when it does backflow it causes the burning pain in chest • Constipation – when bowel movements become difficult and infrequent due to lack of water/fiber in stool • Diarrhea – when bowel movements are frequent and water is not removed from stool • Colon Cancer – uncontrolled cell division in colon • Gastric Ulcer - an open sore in the stomach lining

39. Urinary System • Function of the system • To excrete waste – removing wastes and excess products from the body As blood travels through tissues, it collects waste from cells Blood travels to the kidneys that clean away the waste. • Vocabulary – picture pg 551 • Ureter – carries urine from each kidney to the bladder • Bladder – holds urine for the body • Urethra – carries urine to the outside • Kidneys – bean shaped – filters harmful substances from the blood

40. Urinary System • Three parts in excretion • Skin – releases waste in sweat • Lungs – expel carbon dioxide and water • Urinary system – removes waste • Urine – yellow fluid that remains in nephrons • Bladder – stores urine for expelling

41. Urinary System • Injuries and Diseases • Hormones – control the balance of fluids entering and leaving the body • Feel thirsty because the salivary glands produce less saliva • Antidiuretic – hormone that tells kidneys to take back water from nephrons and return to bloodstream – making less urine • Diuretic – caffeine is one type that makes more urine

42. Urinary System • Injuries and Diseases cont. • Bacterial Infections – very painful and needs to be treated to prevent death of kidneys • Kidney stones – salt and waste collects inside kidneys and forms small mass which is painful to release • Kidney disease – when kidneys don’t function properly and blood is filtered through a machine

43. Endocrine System • Function of the system • Produces chemicals that control many of the body’s daily activities. • Controls long-term processes – fluid balance, growth, and sexual development using glands – groups of cells that make hormones - Hormones – chemicals that control actions somewhere else in the body • Epinephrine or adrenalin – speed up heartbeat and breathing

44. Endocrine System • Vocabulary picture pg 639 • Pituitary gland – secrets hormones that affect other glands • Adrenal gland – responds to stress and danger • Pancreas – regulates blood sugar • Thyroid – increases the rate at which you use energy • Parathyroid – regulates calcium • Thymus – regulates immune system

45. Endocrine System

46. Endocrine System • Injuries and Diseases • Insulin – made by pancreas – not enough or too much causes diabetes • Can give medicine if growth hormone is not produced to help with growth • Not enough iodine causes a thyroxine problem – the thyroid swells and causes a goiter

47. Responding to the Environment • How you see picture pg 613 and 614 • Vision – awareness of light energy • Eye contains • Pupil – adjusts light • Retina – light sensitive layer in back of eye • Rods – dim light • Cones – sees color • Iris – color part of eye • Lens – changes direction of light in eye to adjust focus

48. Responding to the Environment • How you hear picture pg 617 • To hear, object vibrates which pushes on the surrounding air until it reaches the ear • Parts of the ear • Outer ear – part you see – funnels sound • Middle ear – eardrum moves tiny bones • Hammer, anvil, stirrup • Cochlea – snail shaped bone that converts waves to electrical impulses • Inner ear – sends impulses to brain

49. Responding to the Environment • How you touch • Not found in one specific place • Skin contains different types of touch receptors that respond to different types of stimuli • Some respond to heavy pressure and some to light pressure • Most that feel light pressure and texture are in the epidermis • Most that feel heavy pressure are in the dermis

50. Responding to the Environment • Dermis has receptors for temperature and pain • Pain alerts body to danger – this is VERY important • Nerves take sensation from the tip of the skin to the spinal column then to the brain, almost instantly, where it is processed.