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Explicit Intelligence in Adaptive Hypermedia: Generic Adaptation Languages

Explicit Intelligence in Adaptive Hypermedia: Generic Adaptation Languages . Alexandra Cristea. LAOS Model. Adaptation granularity. lowest level : direct adaptation techniques :

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Explicit Intelligence in Adaptive Hypermedia: Generic Adaptation Languages

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  1. Explicit Intelligence in Adaptive Hypermedia: Generic Adaptation Languages Alexandra Cristea

  2. LAOSModel

  3. Adaptation granularity • lowest level:direct adaptation techniques: • adaptive navigation support & adaptive presentation(Brusilovsky 1996), implem.: AHA!; expressed in AHAM syntax • techniques usually based on threshold computations of variable-value pairs. • medium level:goal / domain-oriented adaptation techniques: • based on a higher level language that embraces primitive low level adaptation techniques (wrapper) • new techniques: adaptation language (Calvi & Cristea 2002), • high level:adaptation strategies • wrapping layers above • goal-oriented Adaptation Assembly language Adaptation Programming language Adaptation Function calls

  4. How to create an adaptation language? • Adaptation Language as an Intermediate Platform (between authoring environment and adaptation engine)

  5. Contents • Motivation • “Authoring problem” & solutions • Comparison of 2 adaptation languages, focus on learning styles (LS) • Adaptation Language as an Intermediate Platform • Elements of course dynamics • Types of adaptive strategies • Classification of actions in adaptive strategies • AHA! & LAG-XLS (XML LS adaptation language) • LAOS & LAG (generic adaptation language) • Authoring of learning styles in LAG and AHA! • Conclusion

  6. Contents • Motivation • “Authoring problem” & solutions • Comparison of 2 adaptation languages, focus on learning styles (LS) • Adaptation Language as an Intermediate Platform • Elements of course dynamics • Types of adaptive strategies • Classification of actions in adaptive strategies • AHA! & LAG-XLS (XML LS adaptation language) • LAOS & LAG (generic adaptation language) • Authoring of learning styles in LAG and AHA! • Conclusion

  7. “Authoring problem” Defining:- content alternatives & multiple paths through the content - adaptation techniques - whole user-interaction mechanism design Alleviating “Authoring problem”Improving reuse capabilities:(reuse of previously created material & other components)- reuse of static & dynamic parts of the courseware The solutionReuse of dynamics:“Exchanging not only the ingredients, but the recipes as well”Adaptation languages:-LAG - LAG-XLS (read as “LAG-excels”)

  8. Contents • Motivation • “Authoring problem” & solutions • Comparison of 2 adaptation languages, focus on learning styles (LS) • Adaptation Language as an Intermediate Platform • Elements of course dynamics • Types of adaptive strategies • Classification of actions in adaptive strategies • AHA! & LAG-XLS (XML LS adaptation language) • LAOS & LAG (generic adaptation language) • Authoring of learning styles in LAG and AHA! • Conclusion

  9. How to create an adaptation language? • Adaptation Language as an Intermediate Platform (between authoring environment and adaptation engine) • We need to find out which are the: • Elements of course dynamics • For this, we need to analyse what happens in an adaptive course, and what is done dynamically:

  10. Selection of Media Items • Visual style • Diagrams • Illustrations • Graphs • Flowcharts • Animations+ audio • Verbal style • More text • Possibly audio

  11. Providing navigation paths Sequential style Linear step-by-step learning process Global style Global overview first, then details

  12. Presentation for Visual+Global Learner

  13. Presentation for Verbal+Analytic Learner

  14. Ordering information Reflective style Learn by looking at examples Active style Learn by doing things actively

  15. Contents • Motivation • “Authoring problem” & solutions • Comparison of 2 adaptation languages, focus on learning styles (LS) • Adaptation Language as an Intermediate Platform • Elements of course dynamics • Types of adaptive strategies • Classification of actions in adaptive strategies • AHA! & LAG-XLS (XML LS adaptation language) • LAOS & LAG (generic adaptation language) • Authoring of learning styles in LAG and AHA! • Conclusion

  16. Adaptation Language as an Intermediate Platform • Having found the elements of course dynamics, we need to find out what variation we have in terms of: • Types of adaptive strategies

  17. Types of Adaptive Strategies • Instructional strategies - selection of media items - ordering information or providing different navigation paths • Instructional meta-strategies – inference or monitoring strategies. Preferences for: - certain types of information (e.g. text vs. image) - reading order (e.g. breadth-first vs. depth-first)

  18. Contents • Motivation • “Authoring problem” & solutions • Comparison of 2 adaptation languages, focus on learning styles (LS) • Adaptation Language as an Intermediate Platform • Elements of course dynamics • Types of adaptive strategies • Classification of actions in adaptive strategies • AHA! & LAG-XLS (XML LS adaptation language) • LAOS & LAG (generic adaptation language) Authoring of learning styles in LAG and AHA! • Conclusion

  19. Adaptation Language as an Intermediate Platform • Having found the elements of course dynamics, and the types of adaptation strategies, we need to find out the: • Classification of actions in adaptive strategies

  20. Classification of Actions in Adaptive Strategies (from N. Stash)

  21. Contents • Motivation • “Authoring problem” & solutions • Comparison of 2 adaptation languages, focus on learning styles (LS) • Adaptation Language as an Intermediate Platform • Elements of course dynamics • Types of adaptive strategies • Classification of actions in adaptive strategies • LAG-XLS (XML LS adaptation language) (& AHA!) • LAOS & LAG (generic adaptation language) • Authoring of learning styles in LAG and AHA! • Conclusion

  22. AHA! Adaptive Hypermedia Architecture

  23. Classification of Actions in Adaptive Strategies (from N. Stash)

  24. LAG-XLS:an XML Learning Style Adaptation Language Elements of the language: • select – selecting concept representation • sort – sequencing concept representation • showContent – showing content of a concept • showLink – showing link to a concept • setDefault – setting defaults • actions – updating the User Model

  25. Select • selecting concept representation • <select attributeName="media">

  26. sort • sequencing concept representation

  27. showContent • showing content of a concept <showContent>image</showContent>

  28. showLink • showing link to a concept <showLink> <linkTo>text</linkTo> <comment>See textual information</comment> </showLink>

  29. setDefault • setting defaults <showContentDefault>default</showContentDefault>

  30. actions • updating the User Model <action attributeName="media"> <UMvariable>personal.VERBvsIM</UMvariable> <expression>personal.VERBvsIM-5</expression> </action>

  31. Examples LAG-XLS

  32. Verbalizer versus Imager <if><condition> personal.VERBvsIM &gt; 70</condition> <then> <select attributeName="media"> <showContent>text</showContent> <showContentDefault>default</showContentDefault> <showLink> <linkTo>image</linkTo> <comment>Pictorial information</comment> </showLink> </select> </then> </if> <if><condition> personal.VERBvsIM &lt; 30</condition> <then> <select attributeName="media"> <showContent>image</showContent> <showContentDefault>default</showContentDefault> <showLink> <linkTo>text</linkTo> <comment>Textual information</comment> </showLink> </select> </then> </if>

  33. Monitoring Strategy:Image versus Text Preference <if><condition>personal.initial.VERBvsIM > 29 & personal.initial.VERBvsIM < 71 & personal.traceTextvsImage &concept.media==“image” & concept.visited==0 & !parent.text</condition> <then> <action attributeName="media"> <UMvariable>personal.VERBvsIM </UMvariable> <expression> personal.VERBvsIM-5</expression> </action> </then> </if> <if><condition>personal.initial.VERBvsIM > 29 & personal.initial.VERBvsIM < 71 & personal.traceTextvsImage &concept.media==“text” & concept.visited==0 & !parent.image</condition> <then> <action attributeName="media"> <UMvariable> personal.VERBvsIM</UMvariable> <expression> personal.VERBvsIM+5</expression> </action> </then> </if>

  34. Inferring preferences: text vs. image Presentation for Imager Presentation for Verbalizer UM: personal.VERBvsIM-5 UM: personal.VERBvsIM+5

  35. Contents • Motivation • “Authoring problem” & solutions • Comparison of 2 adaptation languages, focus on learning styles (LS) • Adaptation Language as an Intermediate Platform • Elements of course dynamics • Types of adaptive strategies • Classification of actions in adaptive strategies • AHA! & LAG-XLS (XML LS adaptation language) • LAOS & LAG (generic adaptation language) • Authoring of learning styles in LAG and LAG-XLS • Conclusion

  36. Imager (Visualizer) strategy LAG (old) LAG-XLS <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE strategy SYSTEM "../strategy.dtd"> <strategy name="VerbalizerVersusImager"> <description>Strategy for "Verbal" versus "Visual“ style</description> <if> <condition>personal.VERBvsIM &lt; 30</condition> <then> <select attributeName="media"> <showContent>image</showContent> <showContentDefault>default</showContentDefault> <showLink> <linkTo>text</linkTo> <comment>See textual information</comment> </showLink> </select> </then> </if> … </strategy>

  37. Monitoring Strategy: Preference for Image LAG LAG-XLS <if><condition>personal.initial.VERBvsIM < 29 & personal.initial.VERBvsIM > 71 & personal.traceTextvsImage & concept.media==“image” & concept.visited==0 & !parent.text</condition> <then> <action attributeName="media"> <UMvariable>personal.VERBvsIM</UMvariable> <expression>personal.VERBvsIM-5</expression> </action> </then> </if>

  38. Contents • Motivation • “Authoring problem” & solutions • Comparison of 2 adaptation languages, focus on learning styles (LS) • Adaptation Language as an Intermediate Platform • Elements of course dynamics • Types of adaptive strategies • Classification of actions in adaptive strategies • AHA! & LAG-XLS (XML LS adaptation language) • LAOS & LAG (generic adaptation language) • Authoring of learning styles in LAG and AHA! • Conclusion

  39. Conclusion • Extracted intelligence • Presented 2 adaptation languages: - LAG - LAG-XLS

  40. Contents • Motivation • “Authoring problem” & solutions • Comparison of 2 adaptation languages, focus on learning styles (LS) • Adaptation Language as an Intermediate Platform • Elements of course dynamics • Types of adaptive strategies • Classification of actions in adaptive strategies • AHA! & LAG-XLS (XML LS adaptation language) • LAOS & LAG (generic adaptation language) • Authoring of learning styles in LAG and AHA! • Conclusion

  41. LAG language Dr. Alexandra Cristea a.i.cristea@warwick.ac.uk http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~acristea/

  42. What does the LAG adaptation language do? • Captures adaptation patterns, typical for AHS, for reuse • We start with a set of desired adaptive behavior: • While, For + Break, Generalize, Specialize • Conditions, Enough conditions • Inherited from direct adaptation techniques: If, Action

  43. Extended LAG for MOT • For more expressivity and addressing different attributes of concepts, some extensions were performed: • Addressing of concepts & their contents was improved • Global structure of the strategy was improved

  44. Classification of Actions in Adaptive Strategies (from N. Stash)

  45. Select • selecting concept representation • In MOT, given by attributes, so LAG has: • DM.Concept.attribute or • GM.Concept or GM.Concept.attribute • Or presentation only: • PM.DM.Concept.attribute.show • PM.GM.Concept.show

  46. sort • sequencing concept representation • Order of the current concept: • GM.Concept.order

  47. showContent • showing content of a concept • PM.DM.Concept.attribute.show • PM.GM.Concept.show

  48. showLink • showing link to a concept • No difference, only in the menu links can be made available: • PM.DM.Concept.attribute.show • PM.GM.Concept.show • For having a menu, we need: • PM.menu = true

  49. setDefault • setting defaults IF GM.Concept.label == default THEN PM.GM.Concept.show = true

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