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Prof. Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya University, Japan

Prof. Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya University, Japan. Partnership of Sustainable Urban Transport in Asia (PSUTA). - Japanese Experiences -. Classification of policy instruments and their contribution to transport and environmental strategies. [CUTE Policy Matrix]. 0. 50 km. Tokyo. Nagoya.

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Prof. Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya University, Japan

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  1. Prof. Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Nagoya University, Japan Partnership of Sustainable Urban Transport in Asia (PSUTA) - Japanese Experiences - ©Y.Hayashi

  2. Classification of policy instruments and their contribution to transport and environmental strategies [CUTE Policy Matrix] ©Y.Hayashi

  3. 0 50km Tokyo Nagoya 1910 1965 1985 London Bangkok ©Y.Hayashi

  4. Population Distribution (1988) Tokyo max. 1 5 , 4 0 0 人/km2 Nagoya max. 1 7 , 1 0 0 2 0 , 0 0 0 km 5 0 0 London max. 1 1 , 5 0 0 Bangkok max. 4 2 , 2 0 0 ©Y.Hayashi

  5. Suburb of Nagoya: Potential cost to maintain built-up area ©Y.Hayashi

  6. Landscape of Letchworth (2) ©Y.Hayashi

  7. Population Landscape (1995) 1,000 persons./ha Rail-Interchanges CBD Total: 2.17mil. CBD: 73thou. Rail Interchanges: 302thou. ©Y.Hayashi

  8. Re-concentration in CBD + Rail-Interchanges (Type 2 in 2020) 1,000 person./ha Rail-Interchanges CBD Total: 2.17mil. CBD+Rail Interchanges: 302thou.  453thou.(×1.5) ©Y.Hayashi

  9. Daily Traffic volume (2016-2020) 交通量(トレンド)：2016_2020 150,000 - 1,090,000 100,000 - 150,000 50,000 - 100,000 10,000 - 50,000 0 - 10,000 20 40 km 0 0 20 40 B.A.U.(Type 0) No. of total trips： 286 mil. Total trip length: 359 mil veh*km ｷﾛﾒｰﾀｰ ©Y.Hayashi

  10. Daily Traffic volume (2016-2020) 交通量(結節点立地)：2016_2020 150,000 - 100,000 - 150,000 50,000 - 100,000 10,000 - 50,000 0 - 10,000 0 20 40 CBD+Rail Interchanges (Type 2) No. of total trips：184mil. (-36%) Total trip length: 228mil. * km (-37%) ｷﾛﾒｰﾀｰ ©Y.Hayashi

  11. NOx Emission from Car Driving (2016~20) Concentration to Centre (Type 1) BAU (Type 0) 0 4.5 9 0 4.5 9 km km 80,060 [t/5yr] Total: 129,943 [t/5yr] Reduction : 38.4% ©Y.Hayashi

  12. Transition of public concerns and solutions regarding environmental problems - Case of Japan - ©Y.Hayashi

  13. Classification of policy instruments and their contribution to transport and environmental strategies-CUTE Policy matrix National level ©Y.Hayashi

  14. Classification of policy instruments and their contribution to transport and environmental strategies -CUTE Policy matrix National level ©Y.Hayashi

  15. Subsidization system • From 2001 Subsidy for LRT Maintenance • the rate of subsidy • national government 1/4, • local government: 1/4 Introduction of vehicles, PA amount multiplied by the difference in the standard vehicle price by a half, plus usual subsidy Subsidy for LRV Purchase • An amount of working expenses assistance on constructions which are carried out by a public entrepreneur or the third sector Subsidy for New town line • the rate of subsidy from national government is 15% ©Y.Hayashi

  16. Classification of policy instruments and their contribution to transport and environmental strategies-CUTE Policy matrix National level ©Y.Hayashi

  17. Electronic Toll Collection System Characteristics • A universally recognized system which can be used anywhere within Japan • Communication frequency band is a 5.8GHz active system accepted as an international standard • Adoption of 2 piece system corresponding to various utilizations • Protection of security and privacy IC Card Merits • Relief of tollgate traffic congestion • Improvement to customer convenience, e.g nonstop, a cashless payment • Improvements of place-along-the-route environment ©Y.Hayashi

  18. Classification of policy instruments and their contribution to transport and environmental strategies -CUTE Policy matrix National level ©Y.Hayashi

  19. Parking place certification system • A duty to take a garage certification according to the law, storage place method • Requirements for an owner to register a car Police station of address jurisdiction and transportation branch office procedures Filling out automobile storage place use consent certificate Filling out automobile storage place proof application Getting papers creation of a garage drawing application delivery ©Y.Hayashi

  20. Classification of policy instruments and their contribution to transport and environmental strategies -CUTE Policy matrix National level ©Y.Hayashi

  21. Public Transportation Priority Systems The support system for public vehicles passing preferentially Bus priority control Sensing bus approaching PTPS Source: Universal Traffic Management Society of Japan • Improvement of user convenience / Utilization and promotion of extensive public transportation • Securing the punctuality of bus operations/ Shortening bus signal stop time • Securing bus safety/ Reduction of illegal traffic on bus ways ©Y.Hayashi

  22. Classification of policy instruments and their contribution to transport and environmental strategies -CUTE Policy matrix National level ©Y.Hayashi

  23. Intelligent Transport Systems ITS Advanced Information Network and database ARIAKE Bridge (Niigata Province) Extension Project　ーGrasping congestion by Probe Car Average Traveling speed (km/h) 8 Improving safety Increasing and Improving traffic efficiency /Improving comfort and convenience. Contributing to the preservation of the environment Creating new business ventures 10 Before 12 15 After 20 30 Standard Traveling Speed 29km/h 1.7km ©Y.Hayashi 60 Source: Road Bureau. Ministry of Land Infrastracture and Transport

  24. Classification of policy instruments and their contribution to transport and environmental strategies -CUTE Policy matrix National level ©Y.Hayashi

  25. Emission regulations–Automotive NOX and PM law– • Regulated Materials：NOX、PM • Details: Regulation for registering vehicles not adapting the emission standard within specified areas • Control subject：Trucks, Buses, Diesel vehicles • Beginning of regulation：1st of October, 2002 • Control measure：Vehicle inspection (No vehicles which do not fulfill the emission standard are not to be allowed to take ongoing inspections) • Penalty：A fine for non-inspected vehicles （Source: Ministry of the Environment) ©Y.Hayashi

  26. Classification of policy instruments and their contribution to transport and environmental strategies -CUTE Policy matrix National level ©Y.Hayashi

  27. Traffic Information Provision– Upgraded car-navigation system - VICS (Vehicle Information and Communication System) • Drivers can obtain road and traffic information in real time, including information on traffic congestion and restrictions. • Drivers are able to see information on a display inside the vehicle in regard to driving time and congestion on each route to the destination. • VICS information is provided free of charge to anyone who has VICS compatible on-board equipment. Highway administrators Prefectural Polices Japan Road Traffic Information Center VICS Center Traffic Information Provision ©Y.Hayashi

  28. Classification of policy instruments and their contribution to transport and environmental strategies -CUTE Policy matrix National level ©Y.Hayashi

  29. Idling stop regulation ・・・ Environmental impact Idling mode, the engine is operating, but the vehicle is not moving Idling stop • Regulations toward environmental preservation and the creation of stopping motor idle when the vehicle is stopped • The National Environment Agency advocated this in 1996 and started working with local governments and companies, etc ©Y.Hayashi

  30. Classification of policy instruments and their contribution to transport and environmental strategies -CUTE Policy matrix National level ©Y.Hayashi

  31. Vehicle taxes 〔Various vehicle taxes in Japanese taxation system〕 ©Y.Hayashi

  32. Classification of policy instruments and their contribution to transport and environmental strategies -CUTE Policy matrix National level ©Y.Hayashi

  33. A differential tolling method - Environmental Road Pricing - （Metropolitan Expressway, Hanshin Expressway） （Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) • Encourage the use of roads which avoid residential areas and improve the environment of residential areas • Under the method, the tolls for roads located in coastal areas are set lower than those for roads running through residential areas • Environmental impacts are to be reduced by diverting large diesel vehicles for roads located in coastal areas ©Y.Hayashi

  34. Classification of policy instruments and their contribution to transport and environmental strategies -CUTE Policy matrix National level ©Y.Hayashi

  35. Greening of Vehicle Taxes -IncentiveMeasures For Low-Emission Vehicles- Japan's automobile industry has urged the Japanese government to extend and expand tax incentives to promote the more widespread use of fuel-efficient and low-emission vehicles. Includes electric (including fuel-cell), CNG, and methanol vehicles ©Y.Hayashi

  36. Classification of policy instruments and their contribution to transport and environmental strategies - CUTE Policy Matrix - 〔CUTE Policy Matrix for Urban areas〕 ©Y.Hayashi

  37. Classification of policy instruments and their contribution to transport and environmental strategies - CUTE Policy Matrix - 〔CUTE Policy Matrix for Urban areas〕 ©Y.Hayashi

  38. Community Roads • Abeno-ku, Osaka • Aim toward a concept where children can play along roads in their residential areas • Lower the speed of cars by setting speed humps • Design cross-roads for making drivers aware of speed reductions well ahead of time • Kita-ku, Tokyo • Alleviate noise pollution around the roads • Road structure where cars can not run linearly, thus drivers are conscious of visual disturbance • Provide pedestrians with amenity spaces ©Y.Hayashi

  39. Sharing system of electronic cars - Toyota city - • Collaboratively use electronic powered cars with those making similar journeys to similar destinations at approximately the same time • Reduce congestion by lowering the number of vehicles on the roads • Alleviate pollution levels by the use of electronic powered cars that provide zero emissions and quiet running at the point of use ©Y.Hayashi

  40. Classification of policy instruments and their contribution to transport and environmental strategies - CUTE Policy Matrix - 〔CUTE Policy Matrix for Urban areas〕 ©Y.Hayashi

  41. Rail Transit Infrastructure AGT ( Automated Guide-way Transit ) : - Elevated guide-way systems with rubber-tired trains - Fully automated transit systems, controlled entirely by computers with no drivers on board Yurikamome, Tokyo ASTRAMLINE, Hiroshima ©Y.Hayashi

  42. Rail Transit Infrastructure - Monorail - - Operated on rubber tires and thus are very quiet - Its design is based on either suspended or straddle-beam type transit systems - Non-polluting, as it is eclectically powered - Surface traffic accidents are impossible as monorails are elevated - Compared to AGT they can react to sharp curves and steep slopes Tama Intercity Monorail, Tokyo Osaka Monorail Train, Osaka ©Y.Hayashi

  43. Bus Infrastructure - Nagoya Guideway Bus - • The Guide-way Bus in Nagoya was opened in 2001 • A dual mode system where the bus runs on an exclusive elevated guideway where there is heavy traffic, as well as normal roads where there is limited traffic • Two-dimension services the standard bus system, and punctuality and high speed are provided with an elevated guideway ©Y.Hayashi

  44. New Public Transport Vehicles LRV ( Light Rail Vehicle ) : - Modernization of vehicle (introduction of low-floor tram) - Upgraded vehicles with acceleration ability and amenity to run on exclusive railways - Based on the concept of “Universal Design” MOMO, Okayama Green Mover, Hiroshima ©Y.Hayashi

  45. Classification of policy instruments and their contribution to transport and environmental strategies - CUTE Policy Matrix - 〔CUTE Policy Matrix for Urban areas〕 ©Y.Hayashi

  46. Bus priorities service improvements - Nagoya Key-Route Buses - • Solve problems of buses on regular routes, for example, the deterioration of punctuality and lower speeds due to traffic congestion • Run on exclusive bus lanes • Distances between bus stops are subway-level ©Y.Hayashi

  47. Classification of policy instruments and their contribution to transport and environmental strategies - CUTE Policy Matrix - 〔CUTE Policy Matrix for Urban areas〕 ©Y.Hayashi

  48. Emission Regulations –Diesel emission control regulation– Tokyo, Saitama, Chiba, Kanagawa • Regulated materials：Particulate Matter • Details：Vehicles not fulfilling the emission standard determined by the Ordinance are to be banned from traveling in the Tokyo, Saitama, Chiba and Kanagawa. • Control subject：In-use diesel vehicle except passenger cars (trucks, buses and special purpose motor vehicles) • Penalty: Owners of non-complying vehicles may receive injunction on operating the vehicle. • : If the injunction is not obeyed, the vehicle owner’s name is made public and a fine is imposed. Overall situation of injunction for non-complying vehicles ©Y.Hayashi （Source: Tokyo Metropolitan Government)

  49. Classification of policy instruments and their contribution to transport and environmental strategies - CUTE Policy Matrix - 〔CUTE Policy Matrix for Urban areas〕 ©Y.Hayashi

  50. Awareness Campaigns No-my car day campaign - Matsumoto city - - Encourage the city’s commuters to ride bicycles, buses or trains or to walk instead of driving their own vehicles - By enhancing the use of public transportation, traffic congestion is alleviated and environmental load is lowered - Enhance citizens’ awareness regarding environmental issues ©Y.Hayashi

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