Happy Friday!

1. Happy Friday! • Celebrate being alive!

2. Charlemagne’s Empire

3. Alcuin of York(735-804)

4. The Treaty of Verdun(843)Division of Frankish Empire

5. The Vikings carved out a territory in Northern France, known as Normandy

6. The Great Stirrup Controversy

7. The Ideal Structure of Feudal Society

8. Motte & Bailey Castle

9. Which explanation makes the most sense for the collapse of Charlemagne’s empire? • Inheritance practices • Stress from invasions • Lack of literacy • The Stirrup • Some combination

10. The Three Orders & Peace of God

11. Barbarian Migrations 350-500

12. What happened to the Roman Empire after the last Western emperor abdicated in 476 CE? • All Hell broke loose and civilization in the West collapsed • The empire gradually reconstituted in the North under Frankish leadership • The empire continued on in the East under the Byzantines • The Muslims incorporated large parts of the empire into the Caliphate • All of the Above

13. Byzantium 330-1453

14. Timeline for Byzantium • 476: The empire collapses in the West • 528-565: Reign of Justinian: Roman orientation • 600s: Rise of Islamic Empire threatens Byzantines • 700s-800s: Isaurians & Separation from the West • 900s & 1000s: Byzantine Golden Age and break with Rome in 1054 • 1100s & 1200s: Crusader impact • 1453: End of Constantinople

15. “The Empire”c. 500 CE

18. Byzantium during the Reign of Justinian

20. Hagia SophiainConstantinople:completed around 535 CE

22. The Pantheonin Rome

23. Byzantine Architecture:Hagia Sophia

25. The Justinian Code

26. 7. The penalty for injuries under the law of the Twelve Tables was a limb for a limb, but if only a bone was fractured, pecuniary compensation being exacted proportionate to the great poverty of the times. Afterwards, the praetor permitted the injured parties themselves to estimate the injury, so that the iudex should condemn the defendants to pay the sum estimated, or less, as he may think proper. The penalty appointed by the Twelve Tables has fallen into desuetude, but that introduced by the praetors, and termed honorary, is adopted in the administration of justice. Delicta IV, 7

27. For, according to the rank and character of the person injured, the estimate is greater or less; and a similar gradation is observed, not improperly, even with regard to a slave, one amount being paid in the case of a slave who is a steward, a second in that of a slave holding an office of the intermediate class, and a third in that of one of the lowest rank, or one condemned to wear fetters. Delicta IV, 7 continued

28. How did the Justinian Code compare to other legal codes that we have examined? • Very similar to Hammurabi’s Code • Very similar to the Twelve Tables • Very Similar to Laws of Aethelberht of Kent • A totally different kind of legal code from any of them

29. What do the conquests, the Code, and Hagia Sophia tell us about the Byzantine Empire during the reign of Justinian? • The Byzantines had totally divorced themselves from their Roman past. • The Byzantines were struggling financially to hold their empire intact. • Christianity was not a significant part of the Byzantine collective identity? • The Byzantines still thought of themselves as Romans.

30. Greek Fire saves Constantinople in 674 CE and 718 CE

31. The Isaurian Dynasty 717-802

32. Religious Icons

33. Byzantium in the 9th Century

34. The ByzantineGolden Age(850-1050)a.k.a. Macedonian Revival

35. The First Crusade (c. 1000) increased interaction between the West & Byzantium

36. The Fourth Crusade (c. 1200) divided and weakened the Byzantine Empire

38. Increased religious differentiation • Tonsure • Icons • Leavened bread • Filioque clause – the source of the Holy spirit • Greeks from the Father • Romans from the father and the son

39. Ecumenical Councils (325-451) • Nicaea (325) • narrowing of orthodoxy • Arians declared heretical • Chalcedon (451) • monophysites declared heretical • alienation of Palestine, Syria, and Egypt • Issues • theological • locus of power

40. Macedonian Revival • Strong leaders emerge from the Isaurian dynasty during the 9th century • Reorganized imperial administration to reflect smaller Empire • The theme system • Simplified legal code • Intricate bureaucracy – divided power

41. Golden Age Characteristics • Artistic Revival • icons • mannerist-like art with contorted faces • increased mysticism • Reorientation • Increasing separation from Latin past • Northeast replaces South as area of expansion • Conversions • Bulgaria • Russia

42. What Happened? • Imperial theology • alienated elites, local populations • undercut imperial prestige • Tensions with the West and the South • Exploitation • high taxes • harsh treatment • Invasions • Lombards • Arabs • Avars

43. Iconoclastic Controversy (717-843) • Reform of Christianity • reaction to Muslim success • based on Old Testament authority • supported in Syria and Middle East • opposed by monasteries • Isolation of “Orthodox” Christians • separation with Rome • deepens alienation of Middle East

44. Relations with the West • Strained over matters of religion • East viewed West as barbarians well into the High Middle Ages (1000-1350) • East fighting a losing battle with Muslims to the South from 600s until 1453 • West becomes increasingly expansionist after 1000

45. Summary of Byzantium • Increasing distinction from • Latin West • Arab/Muslim South • Development of “Orthodox” Christianity • Geographical shifting from Mediterranean to Black Sea • Gradually less urban • Continued interaction with West • trade • law, theology, learning

46. Summary • The Byzantines took enormous pride in their heritage as the successors of Rome • By the seventh century they had clearly departed from many of the ancient Roman traditions and had developed their own unique culture • A key component of the Byzantine culture emphasized stability of the polity and the majesty of the Emperors • The Fourth Crusade (1198-1203) dealt a shocking blow to Byzantine self esteem as it came under Latin rule for approximately half a century (1259)

47. Summary • Throughout the medieval period western Christendom developed an increasingly hostile rivalry with Orthodox Christianity to the East • The Byzantine Empire claimed to be the continuators of the Roman Empire • As a rival to western culture, Byzantium had a more literate civilizations with magnificent buildings and well established cultural and intellectual traditions that were more sophisticated than the intellectual traditions of the West • Nevertheless, with its more militaristic culture the West came to dominate Byzantium by the Fourth Crusade c. 1200

48. What is the religious orientation of the Geats and the Danes in Beowulf? • Adamantly & violently pagan • Adamantly & violently Christian • Christian but a little pagan • Pagan but somewhat monotheistic • None of the above

49. Based on the poem and the laws, which of the following was not characteristic of Germanic society around 600 CE? • It was dominated by warriors • It was patriarchal and misogynist • It was ruled by kings • It was egalitarian