CHAPTER

1. CHAPTER 13 • Prisons and Jails

2. Early Punishments • flogging • mutilation • branding • public humiliation • workhouses • exile

3. Penitentiary Era 1790-1825 • Philadelphia Penitentiary begun by Quakers for humane treatment of offenders (Walnut Street Jail) • Rehabilitation through penance (solitary confinement and Bible study)

4. Mass Prison Era 1825-1876 • Auburn Prison (New York) featured group workshops and silence enforced by whipping and hard labor- solitary confinement too expensive • Pennsylvania system found to be more conducive to reformation (inmates not contaminated by other inmates)

5. Reform Era 1876-1890 • Based on European models • Elmira Reformatory (NY) attempted reform rather than punishment. • A system of graded stages in educational, behavioral and other goals (earn credits to buy freedom) • Ultimately considered a failure (many inmates returned following release)

6. Industrial Era 1890-1935 • prisoners used for cheap labor (due to rising costs of imprisonment) • prisons featured thick, high walls, smokestacks, guard towers and stone/brick buildings • industrial production in the North, agriculture in the South • labor complained of competing with cheap, forced labor

7. Punitive Era 1935-1945 • characterized by belief that prisoners owed a debt to society • custody and institutional security the central values • few innovations- lack of education, treatment and work programs Example- Alcatraz

8. Treatment Era 1945-1967 • based on the medical model- suggested inmates were sick and needed treatment • most treatments include individual or group therapy • seemed to find that it was more of an ideal than a reality

9. Community-Based Era 1967-1980 • based on premise that rehabilitation cannot occur in isolation from the real world • Also huge problem of overcrowding • prisons considered dehumanizing • include: • half-way houses • work-release • study-release

10. Warehousing Era 1980-1995 • public and judicial disapproval of release programs and recidivism led to longer sentences with fewer releases • prison overcrowding became widespread (1980-2000 state and fed prisons grew from 329K to 1.4 million) • greater emphasis on incarcerating non-violent drug offenders • “nothing works doctrine”- rehabilitation little success

11. “Just Desserts” Era 1995-present • emphasis on individual responsibility and punishment • imprisonment is a proper consequence of criminal and irresponsible behavior • chain gangs, “three-strikes” and reduced parole • Seemed to be return to Just deserts- root purpose of punishment

12. Prisons Today • Approximately • 1,500 state prisons • 84 federal prisons • 476 state and federal prisoners per 100,000 population • On January 1, 2003, state and federal prisons held 1,440,655 inmates. Slightly more than 6.8% of those imprisoned were women. Numbers and Types of Prisons

13. Prison Population of the United States

14. Prisons Today • Whites- 1229 incarcerated per 100,000 white males in their late 20’s. • Blacks- 10,376 incarcerated per 100,000 black males in their late 20’s. Race (huge disparity)

15. Prison Population and Capacity in the U.S.

16. Prisons Today • State Level • 49% sentenced for violent crime. • 19% sentenced for property crime. • 20% sentenced for drug crime. • Federal Level • 55% sentenced for drug law violations. Types of Crimes

17. State Prison Systems

18. Security Levels maximum medium minimum Prisons Today

19. Maximum high fences/walls of concrete barriers between living area and outer perimeter --electric perimeters --laser motion detectors --electronic locking systems --metal detectors --X-ray machines --television surveillance Prisons Today

20. Maximum thick walls secure cells gun towers armed guards radio communication between staff Prisons Today

21. Medium Similar in design to maximum security facilities, however, theyallow prisoners more freedom. In them, prisoners can usually: associate with other prisoners go to the prison yard use exercise room/equipment visit the library take showers and use bathroom facilities with less supervision Prisons Today

22. Medium While individual cells predominate, dormitory style housing is sometimes used. Cells and living quarters tend to have more windows. These facilities tend to have barbed wire fences instead of large stone walls. Prisons Today

23. Medium “Count”-important security tool The process of counting inmates during the course of a day. Times arerandom, and all business stops until the count is verified. Prisons Today

24. Minimum Housing tends to be dormitory style, and prisoners usually have freedom of movement within the facility. Work is done under general supervision only. Guards are unarmed, and gun towers do not exist. Fences, if they exist, are low and sometimes unlocked. “Counts” are usually not taken. Prisoners are sometimes allowed to wear their own clothes. Prisons Today

25. Rates of Imprisonment in the United States Source: Paige M. Harrison and Allen J. Beck, Prisoners in 2002 (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2003).

26. The Federal Prison System

27. Federal Prison System • 1895- Leavenworth, Kansas - First non- military federal prison opens. • 1906- Second federal prison opens in Atlanta. • 1927-Alderson, West Virginia - First federal prison for women. • 1933- Springfield, Missouri - Medical Center for federal prisoners. • 1934- Alcatraz begins operations. History

28. Federal Correctional Facilities Source: U.S. Department of Justice

29. 5 different Security Levels administrative maximum (ADMAX) high security medium security low security minimum security administrative facility Federal Prison System

30. Federal Prison System • ADMAX mean ultra-maximum security. • Only federal ADMAX prison is in Florence, CO (page 563). • The 575 bed facility opened in 1995. Administrative Maximum (ADMAX)

31. Federal Prison System • Dangerous prisoners are confined to cells 23 hours per day & not allowed to associate with one another. • Only toughest 1% of federal prison population is confined there. • ADMAX holds mob bosses, spies, terrorists murderers, escape artists, etc. Administrative Maximum (ADMAX)

32. Federal Prison System • armed perimeter patrols • intense electronic surveillance • designed to prevent escapes and contain disturbances • holds 10% of federal prison population • 8 facilities • Examples: Atlanta, GA • Lewisburg, PA • Terre Haute, IN • Leavenworth, KS High Security (U.S. Penitentiaries)

33. Federal Prison System • double chain link fence • electronic monitoring of grounds • 23% of federal prison population • 26 facilities • examples: Terminal Island, CA • Lompoc, CA • Seagoville, TX Medium Security (Federal Correctional Institutions)

34. Federal Prison System • surrounded by double chain link fence • vehicle patrols of perimeter • holds 28% of federal prison population • 17 facilities Low Security

35. Federal Prison System • essentially honor-type camps • barrack style housing • no fences • holds 35% of federal prison population • 55 facilities • examples: Elgin Air Force Base, FL • Maxwell Air Force Base, AL Minimum Security (Federal Prison Camps)

36. Federal Prison System • institutions with special missions • most are Metropolitan Detention Centers (MDCs) • generally located in large cities, close to federal courthouses • hold inmates awaiting trial • 5 Medical Centers for Federal Prisoners (MCFP) Administrative Facility

37. Jails

38. original purpose- Short-term confinement of suspects following arrest and awaiting trial. current use- Jails hold those convicted of misdemeanors and some felonies, as well as holding suspects following arrest and awaiting trial (also violators). Jails

39. Jails • 586,000 men are held in jails. • 80,000 women are held in jails. • 7,248 juveniles are held in jails. • 60% are pre-trial detainees or involved in some phase of the trial process. • 22% have been charged with a drug offense (largest %). Statistics - 2003

40. Jails • 3,365 jails in the U.S. • 207,600 correctional officers • 2.9/1 inmate/staff ratio • $14,500 average cost to keep a person in jail for a year Profile

41. Jails • 20,000,000 people are admitted annually to jail. • most jails are designed to house 50 prisoners or less. • 6% of all jails hold over 50% of all prisoners. • Largest “mega-jails” are in Los Angeles, NYC, Chicago, Arizona, and Harris County, Texas. Profile

42. Causes of Jail Deaths in the U.S. Source: U.S. Department of Justice

43. Current Issues Facing Prisons

44. Women comprise only 12% of the country’s jail population. They face a number of special problems, including: Women and Jail

45. 4% of female inmates are pregnant when they come to jail (few hundred children born yearly). Not all jails fully separate men and women. Substance abuse is high. Women and Jail

46. Women make up 22% of the correctional force in jails across the nation. Many jails have no female correctional personnel on staff. Women and Jail

47. end of 1980’s - Jails were overcrowded. Court ordered caps put on population. 2000- Jail capacity increased, and occupancy was at 92% of rated capacity. Growth of Jails

48. new jail management strategy - direct supervision system of pods or modular self-contained housing areas open environment Growth of Jails

49. adding critical programs for inmates (drug treatment) increasing jail industries use of citizen volunteers jail “boot camps” Future of Jails

50. States use private prisons to: reduce overcrowding lower operating expenses avoid lawsuits Private Prisons