School Mgt & Ad Unit 2

1. UNIT – II MANAGEMENT APPROACHES Dr. S. Karthik & Dr. K. Sudhakar

3. Management approaches Management approaches are techniques that are used to direct and control an organization. These may be adopted by an organization or an individual manager as an element of their style.

4. Types of Management approaches • Man power approach • Cost – benefit approach • Social demand approach • Social justice approach • Rate of return approach • Intra – educational extrapolation approach

5. Man power approach • The term “man power requirements approach” implies the use of statistical inputs from economic sources in order to establish present and future need for manpower by educational and occupational categories. This data is then compared with the output expected from the supply of manpower to the labour market.

6. Types of Manpower approaching • On the basis of the level at which it is done. • On the basis of the period for which it is done.

7. Advantages of Manpower Approach • The required number of staff shall be recruited at each level in the hierarchy. • Staffingrequirements can be better balanced and movement of staff can be made easier by manpower approach. • Areas of high labour turnover are highlighted in manpower approach. • Implications of changes in recruitment, promotion and succession plans are foreseeable.

8. Limitations of Manpower Approach • Detailed records are needed plus expensive clerical staff. • Problems of forecasting changes, especially in technological and Government policy areas. • Manpower approach can be uncertain even for at few years ahead. Particularly, in a dynamic business situation it is really difficult to foresee the future with maximum accuracy.

9. Cost – benefit approach • The term cost – benefit approach implies a systematic comparison of the magnitude of the costs and benefits of some form of investment in order to assess economic profitability. • Cost – benefit approach provides a means of appraising these future benefits in the light of the costs that must be incurred at present. The purpose of such analysis is to provide a measure of the expected yield of the investment, as a guide to the rational allocation of resources.

10. Advantages of cost-benefit approaches • Gives clarity to unpredictable situations. • Simplifies the complex decisions in a project. • Easy to compare projects of every type in spite of being dissimilar. • Suitable for all projects small or big. • Removes any emotional element and helps to overcome biases.

11. Disadvantages of cost-benefit approaches • Collecting data for this approach is generally biased. • People will have different value system and there will always be loser in the process. • Government is not completely aware of all the costs and benefits associated with the programme. • Conflict between social welfare and financial justification

12. Social Demand Approach • The Social Demand Approach requires the education authorities to provide schools and find facilities for all students who demand admission and who are qualified to enter. • This approach was used in the Robbins Committee Report on Higher Education in Britain. • In India too, this approach is a popular one while opening new schools and colleges in particular.

13. Steps of social demand approach • Estimate the proportion of students completing school education and are likely to enter into higher education. • Estimate how many of these successful school leaving students would actually apply for admission to colleges. • Determine how many of the applicants should be given admission to higher education. • Determine the length and duration of the study.

14. Advantages of the Social Demand Approach • Provides the planners with approximate number of places where educational facilities has to be provided. • Suitable political tool to meet the need to satisfy the demands of the general public

15. Limitations of the Approach • has no control over factors such as the price of education. • does not in any way lay claim to whether the resources expended are economically allotted and to that extent, the approach is poor. • has no control over absorptive capacity of the economy for the trained personnel. • Approach does not provide guidance we need as to how best to meet the identified needs

16. Social Justice Approach • A social justice approach recognises the impact of power relations at both societal and individual levels as well as the way that certain structural features of societies create inequities in the distribution of resources and opportunities for decision-making. • There are five main principles of social justice that are paramount to understanding the concept better. They are

18. Advantages of Social Justice Approach • Easy and inexpensive to set up • Minimal working capital and expense required to start-up • Minimal registration requirements • Easy to dissolve • Simple paperwork or filling requirements • Direct control over decisions

19. Disadvantages of Social Justice Approach • Responsible for payment of all debts. • Unlimited liability – you assume all the risks of the business • No distinction between business and personal assets – creditors can seize personal assets to pay for debts if required • Possible tax disadvantages if profits put you in a higher tax bracket

20. Rate of Returns Approach • According to this approach, investment in education should take place in such a way that the returns from the investments are equal to the returns from other kinds of investment of capital. • This principle is known as “equi-marginal returns” in economic theory and could be extended to educational sector.

21. Advantages of Rate of Returns Approach • A simple measure of risk; the longer the payback, the higher the risk. • Simple to understand and calculate. • Emphasises cash flow in the early years. • Uses cash flows that are less open to manipulation than profits.

22. Disadvantages of Rate of Returns Approach • There is no measure of return. • It does not consider the time value of money. • Ignores cash flows after the payback period.

23. Intra – educational Extrapolation Approach • This approach consists of estimating the quantitative implications for the system as a whole. It means setting targets for one particular characteristic or feature or aspect of the educational system.

24. Educational planning seeks to extend educational infrastructure and therefore facilities need to be provided to achieve that target. • Planning based on data available. • Concentration on one aspects/program. • Size of target, time, money. • Government schemes, organisation of workshop.

25. Demographic Projection Model • Even the most limited intra-educational projection is dependent on, some rough indication of the size and the age composition of a given population at future point in time. However, the estimation of demographic developments has become a source of planning criteria in its own right. • Planning at every step cannot be done without demographic projection as it provides important information about the population for which the planning needs to done.

27. For Further queries and book purchase please contact Dr. S. Karthik • E-mail: matkarthik@gmail.com Contact@9944480552 Dr. K. Sudhakar • E-mail: drksr1282@gmail.com Contact@9486531202