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Motor Development: Outline

Motor Development: Outline. Differentiating some important terms Theoretical Positions Methodologies A Lifespan Perspective Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence Adulthood. Motor Development.

Samuel
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Motor Development: Outline

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  1. Motor Development: Outline • Differentiating some important terms • Theoretical Positions • Methodologies • A Lifespan Perspective • Infancy, • Childhood, • Adolescence • Adulthood

  2. Motor Development study of changes in human movement behavior across the lifespan and the influence of these changes on motor performance (p. 238) How might one assess changes in motor performance?

  3. Growth is generally considered to be an increase in body size or body mass resulting from an enlargement of a biological unit (p. 268)

  4. Maturation is defined as progress toward the optimum integration and functioning of the body’s systems (p. 268) What systems are being referenced here?

  5. Anthropometry Deals with measurement of size, proportions, and composition of the human body (e.g., body composition involves direct anthropometric measures to predict particular aspects of the body - skinfold thickness to estimate body fat)

  6. Size Height, length mass. volume • Composition • % body fat • Lean body mass • water content • calcified tissue • Structure (Form/Shape) • head length • Shoulder width • thigh length • neck circumference

  7. Interesting current issues • Nature vs. Nurture • Theoretical positions • Developmental milestones • sensitive periods • critical period • Continuity vs. Discontinuity • Universality vs. Variability • (child vs. older adult) • Assessment • product and process

  8. What determines the course of development? • Maturational theory (Gesell, 1920s) • genetics exert major development influence • Biological and social development theory (Havighurst, 1950’s) • role for environment • Intellectual development theory (Piaget, 1960’s) • precursor to IP approach • Information Processing Approach • attributes much of development to changes in mental capacity (translate, transform, and transmit the necessary information from the environment to support action)

  9. Assessment • Product • focuses on outcomes (see norms) • Process • tries to consider the underlying reasons for the movement behavior of the individual

  10. Paradigms • Longitudinal (p. 246) individuals are followed over the course of development • Cross-sectional (p. 246) observations obtained from sub-groups of individuals that capture the course of development • Sequential several sub-groups are followed over a period of time

  11. Other Approaches to study development?

  12. Stages and Phases • Stage • describes a lifespan descriptor that is often associated with an age range • Phase • more functional description describing development in terms of the types of movement behaviors that are exhibited

  13. PHASE AGE STAGE Reflex Prenatal Birth Rude 6 month Infancy 2 years Fund Early Childhood 6 years Sport Late Childhood 12 years Adolescence Refine 18 years Peak Adulthood 30 years Regression Older Adulthood 70 years From Gabbard, 1996

  14. Infancy • Reflex is an involuntary movement elicited by a particular source of sensory stimulation • Primitive reflexes • Postural reflexes • Locomotor reflexes

  15. Primitive Reflexes

  16. Postural Reflexes

  17. Locomotor Reflexes

  18. Childhood • Fundamental movement patterns can be described as a common motor act that involves a specific kinematic profile (mature and immature forms) • walking • jumping • running • throwing

  19. Mature Fundamental Patterns: An Example Throwing • downward arc of throwing arm • rotation of trunk (90o) • step with opposite foot • throwing arm crosses body on follow-through

  20. Adolescence • Developmental changes related to fitness • Involvement in Youth Sports and focus on performance • Intensive training and health for the young athlete • Resistive training for the young athlete

  21. Developmental changes related to fitness • Muscular Strength & Endurance • Aerobic Endurance • Joint Flexibility • Body Composition

  22. Involvement in Youth Sports: Focus on away from fitness/health and toward high performance • Emphasis on speed, muscular power, and reaction times • Shift from school to extracurricular (either all or supplemental FOR SOME) • Possibly contributing to data from 1981 to 1996 revealing "the prevalence of overweight increased by 92 per cent in boys and by 57 per cent in girls."

  23. Intensive training and health for the young athlete • Degree of skeletal maturity • Growth plate disruptions • Thermoregulation • Speedier heat loss in cold and poor sweating mechanism in hot • Nutritional requirements • Psychological impications

  24. Resistive training for the young athlete • Safety in pre-pubescent period • Efficacy of this type of training • Low levels of testosterone • Not muscle development but neural

  25. Adulthood • Peak Performance (25-30 yr) • Strength (e.g., grip strength) • exercise tolerance (e.g., VO2 max, time to exhaustion) • reaction/movement times

  26. Studying Aging: Gerontology Aging is inevitable but the process is very variable. Thus, the key is to experience a slow rate of aging.

  27. Demographics of Aging • 1900 ~ 4% of Americans > 65 • 2000 ~ 13% of Americans > 65 • 2030 ~ 22% of Americans > 65 • Health care improvements • Prevention • Diet • Medication • PHYSICALLY ACTIVE • Reduction in other related risk factors

  28. Aging Process – What’s involved? • Muscle • Adaptation from fast to slow twitch • Muscle size decrease and associated strength (relationship less defined) • CNS • Reduction in synaptic development • General degradation in sensory and motor processes

  29. Aging Process – What’s involved? • Skeletal System • Reduction in water content in vertebral discs as well as bone mineral content – stature • Reduction in water content in vertebral discs also minimizes capacity to withstand compression forces • Osteoporosis

  30. Development and other Exercise Sciences • Anatomical Kinesiology • Bone • 13% of weight of new born (67% cartilage) • 13% of weight in adult (10% cartilage) • 80 year old male has about 55% (40% -F) bone density of 20 year old (osteopenia) • more porous, brittle, absorbs less energy • Osteoporosis in post-menopausal women • 15% of women of 70 and 50% of women over 80 • Muscle • 25% of infant is muscle while 40% in young adult

  31. Development and other Exercise Sciences • Biomechanics • Inertial changes • Efficiency • external mechanical work / physiological cost • children usually less efficient for variety if reasons: • vertical displacement of mass is greater • decreased stride length • increased lateral deviation • altered body composition • fuel utilization changes • Adolescent Awkwardness

  32. The BIG Goal: Intervention S ACTIVE Physical Status SEDENTARY P Middle Age Advanced Age

  33. Motor Development: Outline • Differentiating some important terms • Theoretical Positions • Methodologies • A Lifespan Perspective • Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, Adulthood

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