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CNS And Spinal Cord

Central nervous system and spinal cord

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CNS And Spinal Cord

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  1. Anatomy and Physiology NERVOUS SYSTEM The nervous system or the neural system is a complex network of neurons specialized to carry messages. DIVISION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM The Nervous System may be divided into Following:- 1. 1. Central Central Nervous system (CNS) Nervous system (CNS). . The Brain and Spinal cord 2. 2. Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). (PNS). The Peripheral Nerves and ganglia associated with them. 3. 3. Autonomic nervous System (ANS). Autonomic nervous System (ANS). The Sympathetic and Parasympathic nervous system. The brain Consists of: The brain Consists of:- - •Cerebrum (Made up of two large cerebral hemisphere) Cerebrum (Made up of two large cerebral hemisphere) •Cereb Cerebellum ellum •Mid brain Mid brain Address | City, St Zip Code

  2. •Pons Pons •Medulla oblongata Medulla oblongata. . Brainstem Brainstem. . The midbrain, pons and medulla together from brainstem. 2

  3. Brain: Brain:- - The brain is one of the important, largest and central organ of the human nervous system. It is the control unit of the nervous system, which helps us in discovering new things, remembering and understanding, making decisions, and a lot more. It is enclosed within the skull, which provides frontal, lateral and dorsal protection. The human brain is composed of three major parts: Forebrain Forebrain: The anterior part of the brain, consists of Cerebrum, Hypothalamus and Thalamus. Midbrain Midbrain: The smaller and central part of the brainstem, consists of Tectum and Tegmentum. Hindbrain Hindbrain: The central region of the brain, composed of Cerebellum, Medulla and Pons. 3

  4. Cranial Nervous: Cranial Nervous:- - A set of 12 peripheral nerves emerging from the brain that innervate the structures of the head, neck, thorax and abdomen. Name and function of Cranial Nervous. Name and function of Cranial Nervous. • Olfactory nerve (CN I), Sense of smell Sense of smell • Optic nerve (CN II), Vision Vision • oculomotor nerve (CN III), Eye/eyelid control, pupil, Eye/eyelid control, pupil, lens shape. lens shape. • trochlear nerve (CN IV), Eye movement, superior Eye movement, superior oblique. oblique. •trigeminal nerve (CN V), Chewing, sensation for Chewing, sensation for head and face head and face •abduces nerve (CN VI), Lateral eye movement, Lateral eye movement, lateral rectus lateral rectus •facial nerve (CN VII), Facial expression, salivation, Facial expression, salivation, taste, tears taste, tears • Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII), Hearing and Hearing and equilibrium (balance/orientation) equilibrium (balance/orientation) •glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), Salivation, taste, Salivation, taste, swallowing swallowing 4

  5. •vagus nerve (CN X), Visceral muscle Visceral muscle movement movement •accessory nerve Also Know As Spinal Accessories (CN XI), Head, shoulder control Head, shoulder control •hypoglossal nerve (CN XII). Tongue movements, Tongue movements, speech, swallowing speech, swallowing 5

  6. Mnemonics: - Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet, such-A Heaven - Spinal Spinal Cord: Cord:- - the spinal cord is a part of CNS which lies within the vertebra column. It is approximately 45 cm long. It begins as a continuation of medulla oblon gata. It extends from the level of the foramen Magnum to the lower border of L1 to L2 vertebra. Spinal cord carry CSF from Brain to Spinal. . . Covering of spinal cord. Covering of spinal cord. It is covered by the three membranes of the CNS, i.e., the dura mater, arachnoid and the innermost pia mater. Outer Layer: Outer Layer:- - Dura mater Middle Layer: Middle Layer:- - Arachnoid Mater Inner Layer: Inner Layer:- - Pia mater. SPINAL CORD SEGMENT: SPINAL CORD SEGMENT:- - 1. 1.Cervical spinal segment Cervical spinal segment 2. 2.Thoracic Spinal Segment Thoracic Spinal Segment 3. 3.Lumbar Spinal Segment Lumbar Spinal Segment 6

  7. 4. 4.S Sacral Spinal Segment acral Spinal Segment 5. 5.Coccygeal Spinal Segment Coccygeal Spinal Segment Spinal nerve: Spinal nerve:- - In total, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves grouped regionally by spinal region. More specifically, there are eight cervical nerve pairs (C1- C8), twelve thoracic nerve pairs (T1-T12), five lumbar nerve pairs (L1-L5), 5 sacral (S1-S5), and a single coccygeal nerve pair. 7

  8. Function Of Spinal Cord Function Of Spinal Cord Important functions of Spinal Cord are mentioned below: Forms a connecting link between the brain and the PNS Provides structural support and builds a body posture Facilitates flexible movements Myelin present in the white matter acts as an electrical insulation Communicates messages from the brain to different parts of the body .Coordinates reflexes Receives sensory information from receptors and approaches towards the brain for processing. 8

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