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Metropolitan Policy Program Audrey Singer, Immigration Fellow

The Brookings Institution. Metropolitan Policy Program Audrey Singer, Immigration Fellow. The Rise of New Immigrant Gateways: Metropolitan Washington in Context. National Equal Opportunity Conference U.S. Department of Labor and the National Association of Workforce Boards August 11-13, 2004.

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Metropolitan Policy Program Audrey Singer, Immigration Fellow

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  1. The Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy ProgramAudrey Singer, Immigration Fellow The Rise of New Immigrant Gateways: Metropolitan Washington in Context National Equal Opportunity Conference U.S. Department of Labor and the National Association of Workforce Boards August 11-13, 2004

  2. Immigration Headlines from Census 2000 More immigrants entered the United States in the 1990s than in any previous decade Immigrants are settling in many new places with little history of immigration The challenges of incorporating immigrants will be a growing issue in many places in the United States

  3. The nation’s primary Gateway States are shifting From Northeast and Southwest To Southeast and Mountain West

  4. The share of the U.S. population that is foreign-born is lower at the end of the 20th century than at the start Number of foreign-born and share of population, United States, 1900-2000 Source: Lindsay and Singer, “Changing Faces: Immigrants and Diversity in the Twenty-First Century,” June 2003

  5. Source countries have reversed—from primarily European to primarily non-European 1900-1920 1980-2000

  6. Few cities maintained their status as gateways throughout the 20th century 1900 2000

  7. Former Gateways attracted large numbers of immigrants in the early 1900s but no longer do

  8. Continuous Gateways are long-established and continuing destinations for immigrants

  9. Post-World War II Gateways began attracting immigrants during the second half of the 20th century

  10. Emerging Gateways experienced rapid immigrant growth over the past 20 years

  11. Re-emerging Gateways waned as destinations in the middle part of the century, but have rebounded recently

  12. Three factors help classify metropolitan gateways for immigration: SIZE of the metropolitan area and of the foreign-born population RATE of GROWTH and PERCENT foreign-born population DOMINANCE, PERSISTANCE, and HISTORY of the settlement of the foreign born

  13. Five types of metropolitan immigrant gateways in 2000 Former (8) Baltimore Buffalo Cleveland Detroit Milwaukee Philadelphia Pittsburgh St. Louis Continuous (9) Boston Chicago Jersey City Newark New York Bergen-Passaic NJ Middlesex-Somerset NJ Nassau-Suffolk, NY San Francisco Re-Emerging (9) Denver Minneapolis-St. Paul Oakland Philadelphia Phoenix Portland Sacramento San Jose Seattle Tampa Emerging (7) Atlanta Dallas Fort Worth Las Vegas Orlando Washington, DC West Palm Beach Post-WWII (7) Fort Lauderdale Houston Los Angeles Orange County Riverside-San Bernardino San Diego Miami

  14. Five types of metropolitan immigrant gateways in 2000 (plus one more) Continuous (9) Boston Chicago Jersey City Newark New York Bergen Passaic NJ Middlesex-Somerset NJ Nassau-Suffolk, NY San Francisco Former (8) Baltimore Buffalo Cleveland Detroit Milwaukee Philadelphia Pittsburgh St. Louis Pre-emerging (5) Austin Charlotte Greensboro-Winston Salem Raleigh-Durham Salt Lake City Re-Emerging (9) Denver Minneapolis-St. Paul Oakland Philadelphia Phoenix Portland Sacramento San Jose Seattle Tampa Emerging (7) Atlanta Dallas Fort Worth Las Vegas Orlando Washington, DC West Palm Beach Post-WWII (7) Fort Lauderdale Houston Los Angeles Orange County Riverside-San Bernardino San Diego Miami

  15. Continuous and Post-WWII Gateways still dominate, but Emerging and Re-Emerging are growing faster

  16. Population growth in Continuous and Post-WWII Gateways depends more on immigration than in Emerging Gateways

  17. Immigrant residence in the 1980s and 1990s favored suburban areas Foreign Born in Cities and Suburbs, 45 metro areas (in millions)

  18. Immigrants in Emerging Gateways are more likely to live in the suburbs Emerging Former Post-WWII Re-emerging Pre-emerging Continuous

  19. Metropolitan Washington ranks 7th in number of foreign-born residents Top Ten Immigrant Populations by Metropolitan Area, 2000 Source: US Census Bureau

  20. Metropolitan Washington’s foreign-born population grew by 70 percent in the 1990s, or nearly 350,000 immigrants Immigrants in the Washington Metropolitan Region 1970-2000 1970 1980 1990 2000

  21. Washington Metropolitan Area in 2000 FREDERICK BERKELEY JEFFERSON MONTGOMERY CLARKE LOUDOUN DC WARREN PRINCE GEORGE'S FAIRFAX FAUQUIER PRINCE WILLIAM CALVERT CHARLES CULPEPER STAFFORD KING GEORGE SPOTSYLVANIA ARLINGTON ALEXANDRIA

  22. The District’s share of the foreign born in Metropolitan Washington has declined from 26% to 9%, while suburban shares have grown 1970 Total Foreign Born 127,579 2000 Total Foreign Born 832,016 Share of Foreign Born by Jurisdiction, 1970 and 2000

  23. In 1990, immigrants resided close to the core of the region… Source: US Census Bureau

  24. …by 2000, the core of the region became more densely settled, while the suburban areas increased their shares Source: US Census Bureau

  25. More than one-quarter of the population of Arlington, Alexandria and Montgomery counties are foreign born Share Foreign Born by Jurisdiction, Washington Metropolitan Area, 2000 Source: US Census Bureau

  26. Washington has the second largest Salvadoran community in the United States, however, they constitute only 13 percent of the region’s immigrants in 2000 Source: US Census Bureau

  27. Many neighborhoods across the region have high shares of immigrant residents Largest Share Foreign-Born, by Selected Place, 2000

  28. Percent of the Total Population that is Foreign Born in Selected Places, 2000 SILVER SPRING (35.2%) El Salvador 22.5 Ethiopia 5.6 Vietnam 5.4 Other Western Africa 3.8 Guatemala 3.7 LOGAN CIRCLE/SHAW (23.9%) El Salvador 25.2 Guatemala 11.6 Mexico 10.1 China 7.4 Vietnam 4.0 ANNANDALE (34.5%) Vietnam 15.6 Korea 15.2 Bolivia 8.4 El Salvador 7.9 India 4.0 Source: US Census Bureau

  29. Compared with other immigrant gateways, Washington’s poverty rates for foreign-born residents is lower Source: US Census Bureau The Brookings Institution

  30. The share of poor immigrants varies across jurisdictions; the core has higher shares, inner suburbs have larger numbers Source: US Census Bureau The Brookings Institution

  31. Six Implications for Local Leaders Understand local immigration dynamics Encourage civic engagement Bring cultural and language sensitivity to service delivery Build English language capacity Provide workforce support Create linkages to mainstream institutions

  32. www.brookings.edu/metro

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