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Balance Sheet

“Old accountants never die; they just lose their balance” --Anonymous. Balance Sheet. Assets, Liabilities & Shareholders’ Equity. Assets =. Liabilities + Stockholders’ equity. The Balance Sheet. Also called the statement of condition or statement of financial position.

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Balance Sheet

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  1. “Old accountants never die; they just lose their balance” --Anonymous Balance Sheet Assets, Liabilities & Shareholders’ Equity

  2. Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ equity The Balance Sheet Also called the statement of condition or statement of financial position Financial Condition Assets = What the firm owns Liabilities = What the firm owes to outsiders Stockholders’ equity = What the firm owes to Internal owners

  3. Assets • Should provide probable future economic benefits • Owned or controlled by the entity • As a result of past transactions/events • Cost/value should be determinable Generally presented in order of liquidity

  4. A Few Definitions Current Assets-Cash or other assets expected to be converted into cash within one year or one operating cycle, whichever is longer OperatingCycle-Time required to purchase or manufacture inventory, sell the product, and collect the cash

  5. Current Assets-1 • Cash and Cash Equivalents • Valued at fair value- nominal amounts • Short-term Investments • a.k.a-TRADING SECURITIES • a.k.a-FINANCIAL ASSETS • a.k.a-MARKETABLE SECURITIES • Valued at fair value or amortized cost

  6. Net Realizable Value = Accounts Receivable - Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Current Assets-2 • RECEIVABLES • Trade Receivables • Accounts Receivable • Notes Receivable • Post dated cheques receivable • Due From Related Parties • Receivable from Employees • Others • Valued at amortized cost (net of interest) and reported at NET REALIZABLE VALUE

  7. A Word on the “Allowance…” • Management must estimate the dollar amount of accounts receivable they expect to be uncollectible • Affects balance sheet valuation AND bad debt expense on income statement • Can be important in assessing earnings quality--changes should be analyzed

  8. Analysis of Receivables

  9. Current Assets-3 • Inventories • Measured by FIFO or Weighted Average • Valued at Lower of Cost or Net Recoverable Amount • Biological Assets (at fair value until the point of harvest) • Assets Held for Sale • Other Current Assets • Deferred Tax Assets

  10. Long-term Assets-1 • Trade Receivables • Other Receivables • Biological Assets • Long-term Financial Investments • Valued at fair value or amortized cost or equity method of accounting • Deferred Tax Assets

  11. Long-term Assets-2 • Property, plant and equipment • Option: Property, plant & equipment are valued at cost less accumulated depreciation and allowance for impairment • Option: Property, plant & equipment are valued at revalued amount less accumulated depreciation and allowance for impairment Book value = original cost/revalued amount - accumulated depreciation to date – impairment losses

  12. Long-term Assets-2 • Intangible Assets • Identifiability- • Control- • Future economic benefits- • Reliable measurement of cost • recorded at cost initially and then carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and any accumulated impairment losses. • The life can be limited or indefinite • Limited  amortize over the useful life • Indefinite  NO AMORTIZATION

  13. Long-term Assets-3 • GOODWILL • Arise from business combinations • Investment Property

  14. Liabilities • obligations of an entity to make a future payment or to deliver goods or services to the third parties in the future in return for cash borrowed or service used or goods acquired • Classified according to their due dates • due within one year or the operating cycle are classified as current liabilities • loans or credits that mature in more than one year are classified as long-term liabilities

  15. Liabilities-1 • Current Portion of Long-term Debt • Financial Liabilities • Bank Loans • Bonds issued • Finance Lease Liabilities

  16. Liabilities-2 • Trade Payables • Accounts Payable • Notes Payable • Other Payables • Due to Related Parties • Payable to employees • Taxes payable, etc…

  17. Liabilities-3 • Accrued Liabilities • Unearned Revenues, a.k.a. Deferred Income, Advances Received • Deferred Taxation • Result of temporary differences in the recognition of revenue and expense for taxable income relative to reported financial income

  18. Deferred Taxation

  19. Provisions and Contingent Liabilities • a potential liability arising from a past transaction and that depends on a future event • could be disclosed in the body of the balance sheet with the liabilities • could be disclosed within notes to financial statements • certainty of the amount and the payment date determines where they will be disclosed

  20. Is the amount of the liability known? YES NO YES Can the amount of Liability be reasonably Estimated? YES Is the liability likely to occur? (Probable) NO NO Recognize liability on the balance sheet Disclose in the notes To the financial Statements (CONTINGENT LIABILITY)

  21. Provisions • Post Retirement Benefits • Restructuring Provisions • Environmental Liabilities • Product Warranties, • Others such as litigations,

  22. On November 24, 2003 , 26 passengers on Paris Airlines Flight No. 901 were injured upon landing when the plane skidded off the runway. Personal injury suits for damages totaling $5.000.000 were filed on January 11, 2004 against the airline by the 18 injured passengers. The airline carries no insurance. Legal counsel has studied each case and advised Paris that it can reasonably expect to pay 60% of the damages claimed. The financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2003 were issued February 27, 2004 .

  23. Shareholders’ Equity • Share Capital • Additional paid-in Capital • Treasury Stocks (contra equity) • Revaluation Fund • Retained Earnings

  24. Comprehensive Income • Non-owner changes to equity and includes • Net Income for the year • Other comprehensive income • Adjustments to fair value for available-for-sale securities • Foreign currency translation adjustment • Gains/losses on cash flow hedge derivatives • Gains/losses on investment hedge instruments • Adjustments related to under funding a defined benefit pension plan

  25. Statement of Shareholders’ Equity • Provides details of changes in Equity • Stock • Other comprehensive income • Retained earnings • Includes beginning and ending balances in accounts

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