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Battery Energy Densities. 1000. - Fuel Cells. Li Primary. 6.7%/year Doubles in a decade. - Zn-air. - Li ion. Alkaline. 100. - Ni-MH. Energy Density (Whr/kg). - Ni-Cd. 10. 1980. 1990. 2010. 2000. Year. Courtesy Brij Vyas. Energy Sources--The Hard Limits. Mechanical. Chemical.
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Battery Energy Densities 1000 - Fuel Cells Li Primary 6.7%/year Doubles in a decade - Zn-air - Li ion Alkaline 100 - Ni-MH Energy Density (Whr/kg) - Ni-Cd 10 1980 1990 2010 2000 Year Courtesy Brij Vyas
Energy Sources--The Hard Limits Mechanical Chemical Nuclear (up to 1010) Thermal Electronic Magnetic 100 101 102 103 104 105 Energy Density (Wh/Kg) Li + 0.5F2 = LiF Capacitors SMES H2 + 0.5O2 = H2O Springs Flywheel LixC6 + CoO2 = C6 + LixCoO2 Courtesy Brij Vyas