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Energy Systems for Surface Transport-2

Energy Systems for Surface Transport-2. P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department I I T Delhi. More Options for road Transport!!!. Evolution of Otto’s Engine.

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Energy Systems for Surface Transport-2

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  1. Energy Systems for Surface Transport-2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department I I T Delhi More Options for road Transport!!!

  2. Evolution of Otto’s Engine • In 1876 Otto built an internal-combustion engine utilizing the four-stroke cycle (four strokes of the piston for each ignition). • Because of its reliability, its efficiency, and its relative quietness, Otto’s engine was an immediate success. • More than 30,000 of them were built during the next 10 years. • In 1893, the Benz Velo became the world's first inexpensive, mass-produced car. • 12000 unites were produced. • 0.7 hp and 958cc!!!

  3. The Historical Event in Automobiles • The Mercedes 35 HP (German: Mercedes 35 PS) was a radical early car model designed in 1901. • Engine volume: 5,918CC. • The racecar was of a disappointing performance by multiple technical complications and enduring just for few laps. • Inclusion of radiator for engine cooling. • The three-horsepower, curved-dash Oldsmobile surpassed the steam Locomobile as America’s best-selling car in 1902, when 2,750 of them were sold.

  4. Road Steam Disappeared in Second Decade of 20th Century • Petrol lorries were starting to show better efficiency and could be purchased cheaply as war surplus. • On a busy route a 3-ton petrol lorry could save about £100 per month compared to its steam equivalent, in spite of restrictive speed limits, and relatively high fuel prices and maintenance costs. • Road steam disappeared through becoming uneconomical to operate.

  5. The Shocking News • The shocking news on 17th December 1903. Four Cylinder Inline12 hp SI engine

  6. SI Engine for Propulsion Radial SI Engine

  7. Thermo-chemical Feasibility of Ignition Upper Flame Limit Saturation line Vapour Pressure in Air Piloted Ignition Region Lower Flame Limit Mixture Temperature

  8. Engine Damage From Severe Knock Damage to the engine is caused by a combination of high temperature and high pressure. Piston crown Piston Aluminum cylinder head Cylinder head gasket

  9. Thermo-chemical Feasibility of Ignition Upper Flame Limit Saturation line Vapour Pressure in Air Piloted Ignition Region Automatic Ignition Temperature Hot Surface Ignition Region Lower Flame Limit Mixture Temperature

  10. Flash Point Design Constraints: Flammability Characteristics Rich Mixture Stoichiometric Line Flammable Vapour Flammable mist Spontaneous Ignition Inflammable mist Lean Mixture Line Burning Impossible Mixture Temperature

  11. Execution of Internal Combustion : Thermo-chemical Feasibility An Irrational Behaviour of SI Engine

  12. Critical Compression Ratio Formula Name Critical r CH4 Methane 12.6 C3H8 Propane 12.2 C8H18 Isooctane 7.3

  13. Irrationality of Otto’s Model Fuel/Air Mixture Compression Stroke

  14. Flame Quenching at Wall

  15. Live with A Promising Irrational Engine Model???? Advanced Cities Generation of photochemical smog Artificial Horses • Eye and respiratory irritation in humans • Epinasty, chlorosis, curling, leaf abscission and growth retardation in plans

  16. Inflammability of Fuels

  17. Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel • Diesel published a treatise entitled, Theory and Construction of a Rational Heat-engine to Replace the Steam Engine and Combustion Engines Known Today. • This formed the basis for his work on and invention of, the diesel engine. • In his engine, fuel was injected at the end of compression and the fuel was ignited by the high temperature resulting from compression.

  18. A Brief History of the Diesel’s Engine • 1897 -- Diesel built the first diesel engine at the Augsburg Maschinenfabrik . • 1898 -- Rudolph Diesel, filed a patent application • The single cylinder engine was used to power stationary machinery. • It weighed five tonnes and produced 20 hp at 172 rpm! • The engine operated at 26.2% efficiency, a very significant improvement on the 20% achieved by the best gasoline engines of the time.

  19. Displacement Work Devices : Compression (Self) Ignition Engine A I R Fuel Injection Air Combustion Products Intake Stroke Compression Stroke Power Stroke Exhaust Stroke

  20. Active Part of the Innovation : Ideal Diesel Cycle Qin Qout Air BC Compression Process Const pressure heat addition Process Expansion Process Const volume heat rejection Process

  21. Air-Standard Diesel cycle Process 1 2 Isentropic compression Process 2  3 Constant pressure heat addition Process 3  4 Isentropic expansion Process 4  1 Constant volume heat rejection Qin Cut-off ratio: Qout TC BC v2 TC v1 BC

  22. First Law Analysis of Air Standard Diesel Cycle Net cycle work Cycle thermal efficiency:

  23. Thermal Efficiency of Diesel Engine rc=1 rc=2 rc=3 Typical CI Engines 15 < r < 20 When rc (= v3/v2)1 the Diesel cycle efficiency approaches the efficiency of the Otto cycle

  24. Structure of Efficient Diesel Cycle Higher efficiency is obtained by adding less heat per cycle, Qin,  run engine at higher speed to get the same power.

  25. Multi Cylinder Diesel Engines • 1922 Benz introduces a 2-cylinder, 30 hp 800 rpm tractor engine. • 1924 Benz introduces a 4-cylinder, 50 hp 1000 rpm truck engine. • 1960- 1970 Peugeot introduces the 404 Diesel followed by the 504 Diesel and the 204 Diesel, the first diesel-powered compact car

  26. Important Accessories for CI Engine

  27. Schematic of Spray Dynamics in Diesel Engine

  28. Development of Injection Pressure & Injection System in CI Engines

  29. The Latest News • The world’s biggest engine is the Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96. • It’s the largest internal combustion engine ever built by man. • Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C is a 14-cylinder, turbocharged diesel engine that was specially designed to power the Emma Maersk which is owned by the Danish Maersk. • Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96, the world’s biggest engine, has a weight of 2.3 million kilogrammes. • For the marine application that has a 2.5 m stroke, the engine speed is limited to 102 rpm.

  30. Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96 : The world’s biggest engine

  31. Economies of Scale in Sea Transportation • Maersk Lines have done the world proud by providing cheap sea transportation that is costing cents instead of a dollar per every kg weight. • They are able to do this by using economies of scale in sea transportation. • It is getting cheaper to ship goods from USA to China and from China to USA. • It has now become cheaper to transport goods from China to a US port than to transport the same goods from a US port to the final destination inland of US by a truck.

  32. 20th century Developments in I.C. Engines

  33. Type of Fuel Vs Combustion Strategy • Highly volatile with High self Ignition Temperature: Spark Ignition. Ignition after thorough mixing of air and fuel. • It’s a Baby Care combustion. • Less Volatile with low self Ignition Temperature: Compression Ignition , Almost simultaneous mixing & Ignition. • It’s a Teen Care combustion.

  34. Need for Fuel Injection in SI Engine • One of the main factors to achieve near complete combustion and better engine performance is the generation of a homogenous mixture of air and fuel in the cylinder. • The most of fuel should evaporate in the ports and mix with the inlet air. • Formation a liquid fuel layers at the port and the cylinder walls should be minimized. • The better solution is injection of fuel even in in the inlet port of gasoline (SI) vehicles using MPFI system.

  35. SI Religion Engines MPFI Engines High Specific Power Fuel economy better than carbureted  Quality governing, no throttling High HC emissions during transient operation Limited improvement at part load Carburetted SI Engines High Specific Power Cleaner exhaust compared to Diesel Low Fuel Economy Throttling, quantity governed DISI Engines High power at full load  Homogeneous charge, high CR, high vol. High Fuel economy  Distinctly stratified charge, avoidance of throttling losses, quality governing Lower HC compared to MPFI

  36. CI Religion in I.C. Engines Diesel Engines  High CR  No throttling , quality governed,  High fuel economy at part load Low specific power  Low grade fuel, heterogeneous combustion Turbo-charging – not useful for small engines High NOx and Smoke

  37. 1980s : Diesel Engine Menace What Menace? NOx • Respiratory problems. • Ground ozone and PM formation. • Acid rain. • Visibility and haze. • Nutrient pollution. Soot • PM2.5 -- PM10 contributors. • Chronic respiratory issues. • Change in blood chemistry. • Increased coronary blockade. • Interferes with protein synthesis Soot-NOx Nexus-”Diesel Dilemma” is the looming evil at the tail pipe of a dieselized global economy.

  38. Diesel Engine Menace Why Menace? • Stratified charge and φ-T in-cylinder distribution. • Stoichiometric zones: High AFT-NOx in post flame. • Rich zone: High PAH- Soot. • Lean zone: Poor combustion- High CO and UBHC

  39. Common Rail Diesel Injection System The Common Rail Diesel Injection System delivers a more controlled quantity of atomised fuel, which leads to better fuel economy; a reduction in exhaust emissions; and a significant decrease in engine noise during operation.

  40. Religious I.C. Engines The Right Engine High power at full load  Homogeneous charge, high CR, high vol. High Fuel economy  Distinctly stratified charge, avoidance of throttling losses, quality governing Lower HC..

  41. Our True Secular Engine Source 3 Source 2 Source 1 8L Tank compatible with gasoline 8L Tank compatible with Alcohols Biogas from source at 8-10bar pressure Alcohol compatible Filter and fuel pump Filter and fuel pump PRV to regulate injector upstream pressure:0.5-1bar with 0.5 bar resolution Gas injector Alcohol injector Gasoline injector PRV to regulate injector upstream pressure:1-3bar with 0.5bar resolution PRV to regulate injector upstream pressure:1-3bar with 0.5bar resolution Common PFI ECU Trigger source from encoder or target wheel Pulse width modulation from PC to control quantity and timing Battery or AC to DC adapter power ECU

  42. Development of New Hardware Intake manifold thermocouple Heating element PFI Pre-PFI thermocouple Rheostat regulator with temperature cut-off switch

  43. Eco-friendly Nature of our Secular Engine

  44. Eco-friendly Nature of our Secular Engine

  45. Fuel Economy of Our Secular Engine

  46. Battery Fuel Motor/Generator Engine Transmission Transmission Onsite Low Irreversibility Prime Movers Combustion Engines Battery Electric

  47. Energy Loss : Urban Driving : 3000 CC Engine Vehicle Standby 8% Aero 3% Fuel Tank 100% 16% 13% Engine Driveline Rolling 4% Braking 6% Driveline Losses 3% Engine Loss 76% POWERTRAIN VEHICLE-Related

  48. Energy Loss : City Driving – Electric Vehicle Aero 29% Batteries 100% 90% 76% Motor Driveline Rolling 35% Braking 11% Driveline Losses 14% Motor Loss 10% POWERTRAIN VEHICLE-Related

  49. Mine to Wheel Efficiency Mine-to-Tank Tank-to-Wheels 31% 23% Generation 33% Transmission 94% Plug-to-Wheels 76% 31% 76% = 23% Refining 82% Transmission 98% Pump-to-Wheels 16% 13% 80% 80% 16% = 13%

  50. Another Major Suitability Characteristic of Resource to Vehicle • Diesel

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