Interactive Setup

1. Interactive Setup • 11/16/2016 • Spread and Growth of Islam • This will be two page

2. Rightly Guided Caliphs Shi’ites Sunnis Division of Islam Spread of Islam

3. Umayyad Dynasty Abbasid Dynasty Fatimid Dynasty

4. Islam After Muhammad • When Muhammad died in 632, the Muslim community elected a new leader called a caliph (“successor”) • The first 4 caliphs all knew Muhammad & promised to stay true to the Qur'an & Muhammad’s message Muhammad & the Rightly Guided Caliphs

5. The Expansion of Islam, 632 – 733 CE

6. The Rightly Guided Caliphs • The first caliph was Muhammad’s friend & father-in-law, Abu Bakr: • His goal was to keep Muslims united under his gov’t (“caliphate”) • His used jihad to control & expand the Muslim empire

7. The Rightly Guided Caliphs • The empire expanded under the next caliphs

8. During the Rightly Guided Caliphates, the Islamic Empire expanded “Dar-al-Islam” (the areas where Islam is practiced) The caliphs used the Shari'ah (laws of Islam) to govern the empire The caliphate never forced non-Muslims to convert, especially “People of the Book” & allowed religious tolerance as long as taxes were paid to the empire

9. As the Arab Empire grew, caliphs were transformed from modest Arab chiefs into absolute, all-powerful monarchs Elaborate court rituals Complex bureaucracy Standing army Centralized systems of taxation and money 2 major ruling dynasties came to control the Arab Empire during this time = Umayyad dynasty and Abbasid dynasty Islamic Caliphs

10. The Umayyad Empire • After Ali’s death in 661 led to a civil war for control of the empire: • The clan that came to power started the Umayyad Empire • But the rise of the Umayyads led to a division in Islam

11. Division in Islam • After the death of Muhammad, the caliph, or successor to the prophet was chosen. Abu Bakr was nominated as the first caliph. • Abu Bakr would lead the first caliphate, known as the Rashidun or Patriarchal Caliphate. • The choice of Abu Bakr caused significant dispute as many believed that Muhammad had chosen Alī ibn Abī Tālib, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad to succeed him. • Served as caliph 656-661 CE, then assassinated along with most of his followers

12. Division in Islam • Abu Bakr was followed by three more caliphs, the last of which was Alī ibn Abī Tālib. • Alī’s succession caused a division in Islam to became more defined. • Sunni Muslims believe that Ali was the fourth caliph, a position chosen based on ability to lead. • The Shi’a (Shiites) believe that Ali is the first Imam, and that only blood descendants of Muhammad can lead the Muslim people.

13. Believethe caliph is the rightful political and military leader of Islam Believethe caliph should be chosen by the Islamic community Believe the caliph can be any devout Muslim Religious authority comes from the larger Islamic community; particularly ulama = religious scholars Believe that the leader of the Islamic community should be a blood descendant/relative of Muhammad Religious authority comes from prayer leaders called imams Imams = only ones that can correctly interpret divine revelations and Islamic law Sunnis vs. Shi’ites

15. Muslim merchants wanted access to profitable trade routes and wealthy agricultural regions Individuals wanted to gain wealth and social promotion Expansion provided a common task for the Islamic community (umma) that was on the verge of falling apart after Muhammad’s death Spread of Muslim faith and righteous government across the world Spread of Islam

16. Conversion to Islam not forced on anyone in the Arab Empire In fact: Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians all considered “people of the book” and were given the status of dhimmis (protected subjects) In the 400s years following Muhammad’s death, millions of individuals and many whole societies with the Arab Empire adopted Islam Spread of Islam

17. Not such a dramatic change for many Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians Already familiar with ideas of: monotheism, heaven, hell, final judgment, divine revelation, fasting, ritual prayer, etc. Islam sponsored by a powerful state lead to wealth and prestige of Arab Empire attracted people Spread of Islam • Successful conquest called into question the power of old gods; perhaps God really is all-powerful • Many incentives for converting Ex: Didn’t have to pay jizya = tax on non-Muslims Ex: Could hold official positions; social mobility

18. The Sunni-Shi’a Split Before the Umayyads, caliphs were elected members of Muhammad’s family Sunni Muslims accepted the rule of the Umayyads The Sunni believe caliphs should follow Muhammad’s example, but don’t have to be relatives • Shi’a Muslims rejected the Umayyads • The Shi’a believe that caliph must come directly from Muhammad’s bloodline

19. The Umayyad Empire Following assassination of Ali, Umayyads seize power, creating first Islamic dynastic system of rule

20. Caliphs became hereditary rulers Empire’s capital moved from Medina to Roman/Byzantine city of Damascus in Syria Power of the state was managed through tribal networks The Umayyads expanded the empire which brought wealth & new Islamic converts Umayyad Dynasty (661 – 750)

21. Adversary Empires •Byzantine –Eastern Roman Empire ▫Orthodox Christians persecuted Copts and Nestorians in Egypt. ▫Islam gained support of theses religions and defeated the Byzantine in Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Palestine • Sasanians–Old Persian Empire • ▫Elite were Zoroastrians and they persecuted peasants. • ▫When Islam attacked they won the support of the peasants and easily beat the elite.

22. Umayyad Dynasty (661 – 750) • Used the political systems and structures left behind by Roman Empire • Arabic replaced Greek or Persian as the language of government • Muslim coinage was issued for the first time • Ambitious building program showed the growth of Islamic presence in the Near East

23. The Dome of the Rock • Built in Jerusalem in 691 CE • Built by Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik

24. Umayyad Architecture Dome of the Rock

26. Overthrown because: Non-Arabs Muslims resented status as second-class citizens Shia Muslims believed Umayyad caliphs were illegitimate Many Arabs protested the luxurious living of their rulers Umayyad Dynasty (661 – 750)

27. Abbasid Dynasty (750 – 1258) • Abbasids took their name and claimed descent from the uncle of the prophet Muhammad, a man named Abu al-Abbas • Built up a new capital for the empire in Baghdad • Non-Arabs now played a prominent role • Persian culture became the culture of Islamic elites

28. The Abbasid Empire • Muslim merchants expanded wealth bytrading across Africa,Indian Ocean,and Mediterranean Sea

29. The Abbasid Empire Wealth from trade led to a golden age, a time of great Muslim achievements in science, math, medicine, & architecture

30. Abbasid Dynasty (750 – 1258) • Persian legal traditions of rule began to influence governance practiced by Muslim caliphs • A specifically Islamic culture was nurtured and began a long and brilliant florescence • In the ninth and 10th centuries, Baghdad became a global center of culture and learning • A massive library and center of learning called the bayt al-hikma, or "House of Wisdom," was created in 830

31. Political unity didn’t last long By the mid-800s many local governors or military commanders asserted autonomy over their regions Islamic world fractured into multiple “sultanates” Dynasty officially ended when conquered by the Mongols in 1258 Abbasid Dynasty (750 – 1258) And no, we can’t watch Aladdin OR Mulan in class.

32. Fatimid Dynasty (909–1171)

33. Fatimid Dynasty (909–1171) • Began as a missionary movement whose goal was the spread of the Shi’ite sect of Islam • Initially centered in southern Arabia and then in North Africa and finally in Egypt • Built capital in Egyptian in Cairo • Became a center of science, commerce, culture, and intellectual life within the Islamic world

34. al-Azhar Mosque

35. Fatimid Dynasty (909–1171) • Promoted a Red Sea trade route and used the profits to fund religious missionaries and military missions • Respected diversity within Islam and other faiths • even if they did work to persuade Muslims of the truth of Shiite doctrine • At the end of the dynasty, the Egyptians were still largely Sunni, and Christian and Jewish communities remained strong. • Decline began because of fighting between local tribes and rise of local rulers