Years of Crisis

1. Years of Crisis Chapter 15 1919-1939

2. I. Post-War Uncertainty • After Word War I • Many people were uncertain of the future • Also a time of great invention, creativity and new ideas that transformed society

3. Changes in Science and Literature • Science • Albert Einstein – offered radically different views in the field of physics • Sigmund Freud – new ideas about the mind • Literature • Suffering caused by WWI leads many people to doubt old beliefs • Uneasiness of postwar years • No universal meaning of life

4. Revolution in the Arts • Traditional Art Changes • Introduction to cubism and surrealism • Cubism – natural shapes into geometric forms • Surrealism – links dreams with real life • Music • Introduction to Jazz

5. Pablo Picasso – Cubism “Guernica” “Three Musicians”

6. Salvador Dali – Surrealism “Geopoliticus Child” “The Persistence of Memory”

7. The Role of Women • Women’s Rights Movement • Women win the right to vote • US, UK, Germany, and others • Adopt freer clothing and hair styles • “Bobbed” hair • Began to smoke in public • More career opportunities as well • Medicine, education, and journalism

8. Technology Improves Life • The Automobile • Cars improve and become cheaper • Development of suburbs and travel for pleasure • Airplanes • Long-distance air travel available to the rich • Amelia Earhart – first women to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean (1932) • Radio and Movies • Broadcast news, entertainment, etc. • Created a sense of community and collective art

9. Amelia Earhart

10. II. World Wide Depression • Post-war Germany • New government was the Weimar Republic • It was a coalition government • Temporary, multi-party alliance • Had serious weaknesses • Inflation due to reparations • Signs the Kellogg-Briand Pact with France • Pledging no more war

12. The Stock Market Crash • Post-war United States • Economy booms in the 1920s • Wealth is distributed unevenly • Factories cut back on production and workers • Farmers produce too much food and cannot pay mortgages • Stocks bought on credit (now illegal) • Investors sell stock – lowers the price • October 29, 1929 – Market collapses as prices fall very low

14. Post-War England & France • Great Britain • Coalition governments • Avoid political extremes • Slow and steady economic recovery • France • Establishes a self-sufficient economy • Preserves democracy despite problems

15. III. Fascism Rises in Europe • What is Fascism? • Describes any authoritarian government that is not communist • Basic Fundamentals of Fascism • Rooted in extreme nationalism • Glorified action, violence, and discipline • Blind loyalty to the state • Glorified warfare as a necessary and noble struggle for survival

16. What is Fascism? (Cont) • Fascism can be described as totalitarian rule • Single party dictatorship • State control of the economy • Use of police, spies & terror to enforce the will of the state • Strict censorship & government monopoly of the media • Use of schools & the media to indoctrinate & mobilize citizens • Unquestioning obedience to a single leader

17. Why did it appeal to Italians? • Promised a strong stable government • End to political feuding • Sense of power and confidence at a time of disorder and despair

18. Fascism vs. Communism • Fascists were sworn enemies of socialists and communists • Communists had hopes for international change • Fascists pursued nationalist goals

19. Fascism in Italy • Italy’s democratic government seemed helpless after WWI • Plagued by many problems • Politician Benito Mussolini promised to rescue Italy • Promised strong leadership • King Victor Emmanuel III put Mussolini in charge in 1922

20. BenitoMussolini

21. Fascism in Italy • Mussolini as “Il Duce” • Abolished democracy and political parties • Took control of the economy • Workers were forbidden to strike • Government became a “corporate state” • Fascist Party controlled industry, agriculture & transportation

22. Fascism in Germany • German government had many problems • Very weak coalitions • Many small parties • Blamed republic for Versailles Treaty • Inflation was out of control • Great Depression in Germany led to the rise of the National Socialist German Workers' Party • The Nazi Party

23. Ideas of the Nazi Party • Stressed the failures of • Communism • Democracy • Stressed the "racial purity of the German people“ • Used the Jews as scapegoats

24. The Nazi Party • Adolf Hitler was an excellent organizer and speaker • Allowing him to gain power in the Nazi Party • Allowing him to gain popularity with the German people

25. Rise of the Nazi Party in Germany Federal election results

26. Nazi Political Propaganda "We demand freedom and bread" “The people are voting for list 1, the Nazis, at the Reichstag election.”

27. The Rise of Hitler • Hitler and the Nazis planned to overthrow the government in 1923 • Arrested and put in jail for less than one year • In jail, he wrote “Mein Kampf” • It became a handbook for Nazism • Discussed racial purity • Declared the need for more German “living space” • Lebensraum

28. Hitler Becomes Chancellor • Conservative members of the Nazi Party urged President Paul von Hindenburg to name Hitler chancellor in 1933 • Thought they would be able to “control” him

29. Hitler Becomes Chancellor • Once in power, Hitler quickly established a totalitarian regime • Used the Gestapo – secret police • Use the SS – elite protection squad • Used propaganda

30. Nazi Propaganda

31. Hitler Achieves Totalitarianism • Hitler gains control by: • Targeting young people • Hitler Youth programs • Numerous speeches • Limits the roles of women • Launched large scale public works programs • Helps the economy • Began to rearm the German military • Controlled all mass media and educational institutions

32. Hitler’s Campaign Against the Jews • Hitler used the Jews as a scapegoat for Germany’s problems • Led to a huge wave of anti-Semitism • Laws were passed to limit Jews rights beginning in 1933

33. Hitler’s Campaign Against the Jews • Kristallnacht – “Night of the Broken Glass” • November 9th, 1933 • Nazi-led mobs attacked Jewish stores, synagogues, and communities

34. IV. Aggressors Invade Nations • Japanese Aggression • Japan seeks to solve its economic problems thru foreign expansion • Takes over Manchuria, China in 1931 • League of Nations protests • Japan withdraws from the League • Japan invades the rest of China in 1937

36. Aggressors Invade Nations • Italian Aggression • Mussolini invades Ethiopia in 1935 • Ethiopian Leader Haile Salassie appeals to the League of Nations • League of Nations does not stop aggression

37. Aggressors Invade Nations • Civil War in Spain • General Francisco Franco leads a rebellion in 1936 • Receives aid from Hitler and Mussolini • Wins the war in 1939 – becomes Fascist leader

38. Aggressors Invade Nations • German Aggression • Hitler plans to expand the Third Reich – German Empire • Hitler begins a series of steps that would lead to war • Built German military against the Versailles Treaty • People of Germany hated the Treaty • The West gave into his demands = appeasement – giving in to demands to keep peace

39. Why Appeasement? • Many nations did not want another World War • Many thought Communism was the bigger threat • Great Depression “sapped” energy of western democracies • US neutrality acts

40. Steps Towards War • 1936-German troops in the Rhineland • 1936-Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis (Axis Powers) • Agreed to • Fight communism • Not interfere with each other’s expansion • 1938-Invasion of Austria • 1938-Invasion of Sudetenland area of Czechoslovakia • Munich Pact – Hitler promises no further expansion

41. Steps Towards War • 1939–Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia • 1939-Hitler demands port city of Danzig from Poland • 1939-The Nazi – Soviet Pact • Hitler & Stalin agree • Not to fight each other • Split up Poland

42. The Beginning of World War II • 1939- Germans invade Poland (9/1) • Britain & France declare war on Germany • Promised to protect Poland • World War II Begins

43. THE END