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1. - Fima u prsimoy desearch Jowond aashcle in a jouoma) ch an imQc c+ Teces gQckcs (hn , o ha 28Qg to homologoms decombinathom, pead uofhele theorghly and waite a\' Soo-Coords of Symmaoy .m crude (1) citation O hypothesis 3 a Summary of findinys (4 how this athcle oelates to the teic homolcyous becombination > TO fim aothcle of above topic you can use aveb-sites Smch as NCBI.NLM.NIH. kov od google scholar, Solution 1. The article is cited by many other articles, some of them are listed below- Photosynthetic functions of Synechococcus in the ocean microbiomes of diverse salinity and seasons, Yihwan Kim, Jehyun Jeon, Min Seok Kwak, Gwang Hoon Kim, InSong Koh, Mina Rho, PLoS One. 2018; 13(1): e0190266. Akt1 Stimulates Homologous Recombination Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks in a Rad51- Dependent Manner,Katharina Mueck, Simone Rebholz, Mozhgan Dehghan Harati, H. Peter Rodemann, Mahmoud ToulanyInt J Mol Sci. 2017 Nov; 18(11): 2473. Multi-BRCT Domain Protein Brc1 Links Rhp18/Rad18 and H2A To Maintain Genome Stability during S Phase, Michael C. Reubens, Sophie Rozenzhak, Paul Russell,Mol Cell Biol. 2017 Nov 15; 37(22): e00260-17. Studies of lncRNAs in DNA double strand break repair: what is new?Zhenzhen Wu, Yuming Wang, Oncotarget. 2017 Nov 24; 8(60): 102690–102704. Revolutionizing male fertility factor research in mice by using the genome editing tool CRISPR/Cas9, Ferheen Abbasi, Haruhiko Miyata, Masahito Ikawa, Reprod Med Biol. 2018 Jan; 17(1): 3–10. PARP2 controls double-strand break repair pathway choice by limiting 53BP1 accumulation at DNA damage sites and promoting end-resection, Alexis Fouquin, Josée Guirouilh-Barbat, Bernard Lopez, Janet Hall, Mounira Amor-Guéret, Vincent Pennaneach, Nucleic Acids Res. 2017 Dec 1; 45(21): 12325–12339. 2. Hypothesis- Homologous recombination (HR) is important for preserving a particular genome, HR plays a prominent role in faithfully duplicating the genome by providing critical support for DNA replication and telomere maintenance. There are various mechanisms of HR, these mechaqnisms could be considered as hypothesis of the review. 3. It is now well known that our system attemps to repair any breaks or other type of mutations DNA. This is important for the conservation of a genome. This review focuses on the mechanism of Homologous recombination (HR) during Double Stranded Breaks (DSB) and Interstrand Cross Link repair (ICL), as well as in the recovery of stalled and broken replication forks, based on studies with proteins from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and humans.

2. Homologous recombination can be conceptually divided into three stages: presynapsis, synapsis, and postsynapsis. During presynapsis, DSB ends are recognized and processed to a 3-OH ending single-stranded tail . In synapsis, DNA strand invasion by the Rad51-ssDNA filament generates a D-loop. At least three different pathways are proposed after the D-loop intermediate. In synthesis-dependent strand annealing, the invading strand is disengaged after DNA synthesis and annealed with the second end, leading to localized conversion without crossover. This process may involve multiple rounds of invasion, synthesis, and disengagement. In break-induced replication, the D-loop is assembled into a full replication fork, copying the entire distal part of the chromosome to result in loss-of heterozygosity (LOH). In double-strand break repair, both ends of the DSB are engaged, either by independent strand invasion or by second end capture, leading to junction formation. The junction can be processed by either a resolvase into non- crossover or crossover products or dissolved leading exclusively to non-crossover products. RAD51 and RAD 52 are eukaryotic genes. The enzyme encoded by these genes assists in repair of DNA double strand breaks. Rad52 forms a multimeric ring structure that binds preferentially to ssDNA on the outside of the ring through an N-terminal DNA binding domain. Yeast Rad52 interacts with Rad51 as well as with RPA, accelerates displacement of RPA from ssDNA by Rad51 , and allows efficient Rad51-mediated recombination involving RPA-coated ssDNA. This mediator function of Rad52 does not account for the extreme HR defect of Rad52-deficient cells in yeast. This is because Rad52 also exhibits the unique ability to anneal homologous ssDNA coated by RPA . Replication protein A (RPA) is the major protein that binds to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in eukaryotic cells. It is not known which mammalian proteins have taken over functions exerted by the yeast Rad52 protein, but one candidate is BRCA2, which is not found in budding yeast.The significance of the role of HR in maintaining genome stability and tumor suppression is highlighted by the tumor suppressor protein BRCA2. BRCA2 establishes a role of HR in cancer suppression, and also provides the connecting link between HR and Fanconi anemia (FA), a classical DNA repair cancer predisposition syndrome that defines a molecular pathway which has function in Interstrand Cross Link repair. 4. included in part 3