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Disease management in organic grape production Annemiek Schilder Michigan State University East Lansing, Mic

Disease management in organic grape production Annemiek Schilder Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan.

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Disease management in organic grape production Annemiek Schilder Michigan State University East Lansing, Mic

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  1. Disease management in organic grape production Annemiek Schilder Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan

  2. "Organic agriculture is an ecological production management system that promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity. It is based on minimal use of off-farm inputs and on management practices that restore, maintain and enhance ecological harmony." Organic Trade Association

  3. "Organic food is produced according to certain legally regulated standards. For crops, it means they are grown without the use of conventional (synthetic) pesticides, artificial fertilizers or sewage sludges. Also, at all levels, organic food is produced without the use of genetically modified organisms." Wikipedia

  4. Regulations for crop production and • handling provided by the USDA • National Organic Program • Farms must be certified by accredited certifying • agent based on farm plan and on-site inspection • 3-year transition period before food can be labeled • as organic • Exempt from certification if sales < $5,000/year

  5. List of products approved for use in organic crop production: Organic Materials Review Institute http://www.omri.org

  6. • Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) • Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) • Phomopsis cane and leaf spot (Phomopsis viticola) • Black rot (Guignardia bidwellii) • Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea) • • Crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) Virus diseases (TRSV, ToRSV, GLRaV) Important grape diseases in the Midwest

  7. • Select resistant or less susceptible varieties • Select a suitable site with good airflow and drainage • • Prune and train vines to reduce canopy density Minimize plant stress and injury • Prune out and remove diseased plant parts • Leaf removal to decrease humidity and increase sunlight penetration (especially for bunch rot) • Clean planting material from reputable nursery Non-chemical disease management options

  8. Organic fungicide options for grapes 1) Copper, sulfur, lime sulfur (not all formulations) 2) Potassium bicarbonate salts (Armicarb, Kaligreen, Milstop) 3) JMS Stylet Oil (paraffinic oil) 4) GantecGold (neem oil) 5) Sporan (thyme oil, rosemary oil, clove oil) 6) Serenade (Bacillus subtilis – biocontrol agent) 7) Sonata (Bacillus pumilis – biocontrol agent) 8) OxiDate (hydrogen peroxide) 9) Regalia (giant knotweek extract) 10) Blightban (Pseudomonas fluorescens) All of these are contact materials/protectants

  9. Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator)

  10. Powdery mildew severity a b bc Ampelomyces quisqualis c d d Vidal, 2000 % Total leaf area infected

  11. Evaluation of organic fungicides for powdery mildew control 20 15 Control Armicarb % Leaf area affected 10 Armicarb/Oil Stylet oil Nova 5 0 8/4/99 9/1/99 8/11/99 8/18/99 8/25/99 Foch, 1999, Sutton’s Bay

  12. Efficacy of organic fungicides for control of powdery mildew in ‘Niagara’ grapes, Fennville, MI, 2009 a ab bc % Leaf area infected c c cd d d d

  13. Efficacy of organic fungicides for control of powdery mildew in ‘Niagara’ grapes, Fennville, 2009 a All treatments: + NuFilm % Leaf area infected b b bc c c c c c c

  14. Efficacy of different fungicide programs in controlling powdery mildew on leaves of ‘Chancellor’ grapes, Fennville, 2008 a b % Leaf area infected b c c 3

  15. Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola)

  16. Downy mildew severity Vignoles, 2001 a % Leaf area diseased b c

  17. Downy mildew severity Niagara, 2002 a % Leaf area diseased b c

  18. Efficacy of organic fungicides for control of downy mildew in ‘Niagara’ grapes, TNRC, Fennville, 2008 a b b bc % Leaf area infected bc bc c c c d d e e 2

  19. Efficacy of different fungicide programs in controlling downy mildew on leaves of ‘Chancellor’ grapes, TNRC, Fennville, 2008 a b b % Leaf area infected c c 3

  20. Efficacy of organic fungicides for control of downy mildew in ‘Niagara’ grapes, Fennville, 2009 a b bc % Leaf area infected c cd d d d e

  21. Efficacy of organic fungicides for control of downy mildew in ‘Niagara’ grapes, Fennville, 2009 a % Leaf area infected b bc c c c c c c d

  22. Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea)

  23. Botrytis bunch rot severity a ab bc bc cd cd d Vignoles, 2000 % All berries infected

  24. Botrytis bunch rot severity a a a b Aurore, 2001 % All berries infected

  25. Black rot (Guignardia bidwellii)

  26. Black rot severity a b b b Vidal, 2000 % All berries infected with black rot

  27. Black rot severity Concord, 2001 % Berries with black rot symptoms

  28. Efficacy of organic fungicides for control of black rot in ‘Niagara’ grapes, TNRC, Fennville, 2008 a abc bcd cde cde % Berries infected def defg defg efgh fghi ghij ghijk hijk hijk k 1

  29. Phomopsis cane and leaf spot (Phomopsis viticola)

  30. Phomopsis rachis lesion severity a b b c c Vidal, 2000 % Total rachis area infected

  31. Phomopsis fruit rot severity a bc c cd d Vidal, 2000 % All berries infected

  32. Efficacy of organic fungicides for control of Phomopsis in ‘Niagara’ grapes, TNRC, Fennville, 2009 a % Rachis infection b b bc bc c c c c c c c c c

  33. Dormant sprays (copper, sulfur, lime sulfur) Not all products OMRI-listed

  34. Effect of single dormant sprays on Phomopsis a Approximate product cost per acre: Vignoles, 2004 $6 $20 $65 $5 $73 % Rachis area infected b b b b b

  35. Effect of OMRI-listed dormant sprays on Phomopsis a Niagara, 2006 % Berries infected b c c

  36. Effect of single dormant sprays on black rot Niagara, 2004 a a ab ab % Berries infected b b c

  37. Effect of single dormant sprays on powdery mildew a Chardonnel, 2005 Number of berries infected b b

  38. Conclusions Disease control in organic vineyards is possible, but there are fewer fungicide options than in conventional production and these are generally not as effective as the best conventional fungicides – therefore they may need to be applied more often All products are protectants: need to be applied before infection and are susceptible to wash-off by rain Promising products: Serenade, Sonata, Stylet Oil, Armicarb, Kaligreen

  39. Conclusions NuFilm (or similar sticker/extender) should be used Organic growers need to rely more on site selection, resistant cultivars, canopy management to reduce humidity and increase sunlight penetration, and pruning to remove diseased plant parts Dormant sprays are a good option (before budbreak) to reduce overwintering inoculum

  40. Conclusions A good resource for organic grape production is ATTRA (www.atra.ncat.org) Other useful resources: - Grape IPM Pocket Scouting Guide - Midwest Small Fruit and Grape Spray Guide - MSU Fruit Management Guide (E-154) - MSU Grape website: www.grapes.msu.edu

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