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EUROPE I (CHAPTER 1: 38-53)

EUROPE I (CHAPTER 1: 38-53). MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES. Western extremity of Eurasia Lingering world influence High degrees of specialization Manufacturing dominance Numerous nation-states Urbanized population High standards of living. SUBDIVISIONS OF THE REALM. Western Europe

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EUROPE I (CHAPTER 1: 38-53)

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  1. EUROPE I(CHAPTER 1: 38-53)

  2. MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES • Western extremity of Eurasia • Lingering world influence • High degrees of specialization • Manufacturing dominance • Numerous nation-states • Urbanized population • High standards of living

  3. SUBDIVISIONS OF THE REALM • Western Europe • Eastern Europe • British Isles • Northern Europe • Mediterranean Europe

  4. PHYSICAL LANDSCAPES • Alpine System • Western Uplands • Central Uplands • North European Lowland

  5. RELATIVE LOCATION • At the heart of the land hemisphere • Maximum efficiency for contact with the rest of the world • Every part of Europe is close to the sea. • Navigable waterways • Moderate distances

  6. RELATIVE LOCATION

  7. AGRARIAN REVOLUTION • Began in Europe in the 1750s • Based on new agricultural innovations • Enabled increased food production • Enabled sustained population increase

  8. VON THUNEN’S ISOLATED STATE • A classic model in geography • Fashioned in 1826 to explain the economic patterns developing in Europe • Based on four concentric land use rings surrounding a market place • Land use was a function of transportation costs. • The Isolated State became the foundation for modern location theory.

  9. VON THUNEN’S ISOLATED STATE

  10. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • Developed in the UK between 1750-1850 • Evolved from technical innovations that occurred in British industry • Proved to be a major catalyst towards increased urbanization • Produced a distinct spatial pattern in Europe

  11. INDUSTRIAL LOCATION THEORY • Alfred Weber published his work in 1909. • Examined the influences that affect industrial location • Focused on activities that occur at specific points • Identified agglomerative and deglomerative forces

  12. AREAL FUNCTIONAL SPECIALIZATION • Particular peoples and particular places concentrating on the production of particular goods • Roman Empire • -- Parts of North Africa - granaries • -- Elba produced iron ore. • -- Southern Spain mined and exported silver and lead.

  13. SPATIAL INTERACTION • Movementacross geographic space • Involves contact of people in two or more places for the purposes of exchanginggoods or ideas • Principles • Complementarity • Transferability • Intervening opportunity

  14. Germany Italy COMPLEMENTARITY • Two places, through an exchange of goods, can specifically satisfy each other’s demands. • One area has a surplusof an item demandedby a second area.

  15. COMPLEMENTARITY

  16. TRANSFERABILITY • The ease with which a commodity may be transported or the capacity to move a good at a bearable cost • Rivers, Mountain Passes, Road networks • Advances in transportation technology

  17. INTEREVENING OPPORTUNITY • The presence of a nearer source of supply or opportunity that acts to diminish the attractiveness of more distant sources and sites Would Austrian beer be cheaper to import into Italy?

  18. URBAN TRADITION • Urbanization • Related concepts • Primate city • Metropolis • CBD

  19. POPULATION DENSITY EUROPE Population Density: 255 persons per square mile Urbanization: 73%

  20. CITIES • The term is a political designation. • Refers to a municipal entity that is governed by some kind of administrative organization • The largest cities (especially capitals) are: • the foci of the state • complete microcosms of their national cultures

  21. PRIMATECITIES • A country’s largest city • Jefferson’s criteria: • Always disproportionately larger than the second largest urban center -- more than twice the size • Expressive of the national culture • Usually (but not always) the capital • Examples: Paris, London, Athens

  22. METROPOLITANCOMPLEXES Older Core or Central City The “Burbs” Outer Suburban City

  23. EUROPEAN versus AMERICAN CITIES • Similarities • Central core • Suburban ring

  24. EUROPEAN versus AMERICAN CITIES • Differences • High suburban density • Apartments • Public transportation • Land scarcity • Centralized Urban planning

  25. EUROPE’S CHANGING POPULATION • Falling share of the world’s population • Fertility at an all-time low • Fewer young people • Smaller working age population • Boom & bust age-dependent • Immigration partially offsetting losses

  26. EUROPE I(CHAPTER 1: 38-53)

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