oldest writing self awareness

1: Oldest Writing � Self Awareness?

3: Nature vs. Nurture Tabula rasa (Latin: blank slate) refers to the epistemological thesis that individual human beings are born with no built-in mental content, in a word, "blank", and that their entire resource of knowledge is built up gradually from their experiences and sensory perceptions of the outside world. Eugenics is a social philosophy which advocates the improvement of human hereditary traits through various forms of intervention. Older means of achieving these goals focused on selective breeding, while modern ones focus on prenatal testing, genetic counseling, birth control, in vitro fertilization, and genetic engineering.

4: Feral Children Kamala & Amala; rescued from a wolf den in India in 1920: She moved about on all fours and could not feed herself. Saturday Mthiyane: raised by monkeys in South Africa: Captured and sent to a school for the disabled. Very violent; didn�t play with others; wouldn�t eat cooked meat; didn�t like cloths. � 10 years later, still couldn�t speak & refused to eat cooked meat. Victor �Wild Boy� of Aveyron: sited in 1800 in France. Lived alone, but not raised by animal: vegetarian diet. Considered an incurable idiot.

5: Self Awareness The ability to: Identify oneself as an object. React to oneself. Appraise or evaluate oneself. Self awareness is the concept that one exists as an individual, separate from other people, with private thoughts. It may include the understanding that other people are similarly self-aware.

6: Self-Image & Self-Recognition Self-awareness is not restricted to humans. Apes, and maybe elephants and dolphins can recognize themselves in the mirror.

7: Theory of Mind (ToM) Theory of Mind: is the ability to attribute mental states; beliefs, intents, desires, pretending, knowledge, etc � to oneself & others and to understand that others have beliefs, desires & intentions that are different from one�s own. Theory of mind appears to be an innate potential ability in humans, but one requiring social and other experience over many years to bring successfully to adult fruition (Sally-Ann test).

8: What Is Enculturation? Enculturation is the process whereby an individual learns the accepted norms & values of an established culture. Enculturation establishes a context of boundaries & accepted behavior that dictates what is & is not permissible. It can happen consciously or unconsciously. Enculturation is NOT Acculturation, which is the exchange of cultural features that results when foreign cultures come into first-hand contact.

9: How is Enculturation accomplished? 1. Direct teaching; mostly by parents; when a child is told to do something because it is right or not to do something that is bad. �what do you say?� (�please�) 2. Observational learning; watching others, emulating behavior (Attention, Retention, Reproduction & Motivation). Learning different slang in different situations. Mirror neurons; fire both when an animal acts & when an animal observes the same action. 3. Enculturation also happens unconsciously. All happen simultaneously & all the time. Cultures influence everything that a person does, whether they are aware of it or not. It is a life long process that helps unify people.Cultures influence everything that a person does, whether they are aware of it or not. It is a life long process that helps unify people.

10: Six parts of culture that are learned 1. Technological � what it is & how to use it 2. Economic � what is the system of trade 3. Political � How is it structure & function 4. Interactive � How do you interact 5. Ideological � Views of morals, norms, etc� 6. World View � Religion & Nationalism Enculturation begins soon after birth with the development of self-awareness.

11: Culture & Social Identity Culture also influences what we hold as the most positive information about ourselves (Tashakkori, 1993). One major difference in world culture is that of the collectivist identity versus individualist identity. Individualist cultures tend to promote the individual. Collectivist gives priority to the aims of the group.

12: Two Patterns of Child Rearing Dependence training - promotes compliance in and favors keeping individuals within the group. Independence training - emphasizes individual independence, self-reliance, and personal achievement.

13: The Role of Social Norms Our societies and cultures also help shape our self concept with the production of social norms. A norm is an understood, but not legally binding, rule for determining which behavior is acceptable and expected. Norms provide guides for proper and appropriate behavior (tipping a waiter, gift giving on birthdays, not farting in public, saying please & thank you, wearing hats inside, etc�). Each cultural group will evolve its own norms for behavior among its group members. These unwritten rules are absorbed by our self-concept and become part of our �self�.

14: Are Different Personalities Characteristic of Different Cultures? Every culture emphasizes certain personality traits as good and others as bad. The statistical concept of modal personality recognizes that any human society has a range of individual personalities, but some will be more typical than others based on cultural practices. Since modal personalities may differ from one culture to another and since cultures may differ in the range of variation they will accept, it is clear that abnormal personality is a relative concept.

15: Ethnic Psychoses Mental disorders specific to particular ethnic groups.

16: Ethnic Psychoses And Other Culture-bound Syndromes

17: Ethnic Psychoses And Other Culture-bound Syndromes

18: Ethnic Psychoses And Other Culture-bound Syndromes

19: Ethnic Psychoses And Other Culture-bound Syndromes