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Boundless Lecture Slides

Boundless Lecture Slides. Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com. Using Boundless Presentations. Boundless Teaching Platform

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Boundless Lecture Slides

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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Entry into the Host Pathogenicity Overview of Microbe-Host Interactions Penetrating Host Defenses Damaging Host Cells ] Surviving Within the Host and Exiting the Host Pathogenicity Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Pathogenicity and Other Microbes Pathogenicity(continued) ] Pathogenicity Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  6. Pathogenicity > Entry into the Host Entry into the Host • Portals of Microbe Entry • Colonization and Growth • Pathogenicity Islands and Virulence Factors • Adherence • Host Risk Factors • Innate Resistance Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/pathogenicity-14/entry-into-the-host-161/

  7. Pathogenicity > Overview of Microbe-Host Interactions Overview of Microbe-Host Interactions • Normal Microbiota and Host Relationships • Opportunistic Microorganisms • Cooperation Among Microorganisms Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/pathogenicity-14/overview-of-microbe-host-interactions-162/

  8. Pathogenicity > Penetrating Host Defenses Penetrating Host Defenses • Penetrating Host Defenses • Pili and Pilus Assembly • Biofilms and Infections Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/pathogenicity-14/penetrating-host-defenses-163/

  9. Pathogenicity > Damaging Host Cells Damaging Host Cells • Toxins • Direct Damage • Type III and Type IV Secretion • Plasmids and Lysogeny • Siderophores Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/pathogenicity-14/damaging-host-cells-164/

  10. Pathogenicity > Surviving Within the Host and Exiting the Host Surviving Within the Host and Exiting the Host • Intracellular Pathogens • Extracellular Immune Avoidance • Regulating Virulence • Portals of Exit Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/pathogenicity-14/surviving-within-the-host-and-exiting-the-host-165/

  11. Pathogenicity > Pathogenicity and Other Microbes Pathogenicity and Other Microbes • Fungi • Protozoa • Helminths • Algae Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microbiology-textbook/pathogenicity-14/pathogenicity-and-other-microbes-166/

  12. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  13. Pathogenicity Key terms • adhesinAny of several factors that enable bacteria to adhere to epithelial surfaces as a step towards infection. • algaany of many aquatic photosynthetic organisms, whose size ranges from a single cell to giant kelps and whose form is very diverse • altruismRegard for others, both natural and moral; devotion to the interests of others; brotherly kindness; – opposed to egoism or selfishness. • antigenic variationThe mechanism by which an infectious organism changes its surface proteins in favor of circumventing a host immune response. • bacterial conjugationtransfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct contact • bacteriophageA virus that specifically infects bacteria. • basionymAn earlier valid scientific name of a species that has since been renamed and from which the new name is partially derived. • biofilmA thin film of mucus created by and containing a colony of bacteria and other microorganisms. • biofilmA thin film of mucus created by and containing a colony of bacteria and other microorganisms. • chelating agentA compound that reacts with a metal ion to produce a chelate. • colitisinflammation of the colon. • contagiousOf a person, having a disease that can be transmitted to another person by touch. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  14. Pathogenicity • CooperationAssociation for mutual benefit. • cysta pouch or sac without opening, usually membranous and containing morbid matter, which develops in one of the natural cavities or in the substance of an organ • cytokinesRegulatory proteins that function in the regulation of the cells involved in immune system function • diphtheriaA disease of the upper respiratory tract caused by a toxin secreted by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. • dormant cystA resting or dormant stage of a microorganism • effectora small molecule that effects additional molecules • endotoxinAny toxin secreted by a microorganism and released into the surrounding environment only when it dies. • exotoxinAny toxin secreted by a microorganism into the surrounding environment. • fimbriaeFine filaments of protein distributed over the surface of bacteria that are believed to be involved in attachment to solid surfaces or to other cells, and are essential for the virulence of some bacterial pathogens. • florathe microorganisms that inhabit some part of the body, such as intestinal flora • helminthA parasitic roundworm or flatworm. • hostA cell or organism which harbors another organism or biological entity, usually a parasite. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  15. Pathogenicity • Human microbiomeThe aggregate of microorganisms that reside on the surface and in deep layers of skin, in the saliva and oral mucosa, in the conjunctiva, and in the gastrointestinal tracts. • immunodeficiencyA depletion in the body's natural immune system, or in some component of it. • infectionAn uncontrolled growth of harmful microorganisms in a host. • infectiousInfectious diseases, also known as transmissible diseases or communicable diseases, comprise clinically evident illness (i.e., characteristic medical signs and/or symptoms of disease) resulting from the infection, presence, and growth of pathogenic biological agents in an individual host organism. • interferonAny of a group of glycoproteins, produced by the immune system, that prevent viral replication in infected cells. • lymphatic systemIn mammals, including humans, a network of lymph vessels and lymph nodes that transport fluid, fats, proteins, and lymphocytes to the bloodstream as lymph, and remove microorganisms and other debris from tissues. • lysogenythe process by which a bacteriophage incorporates its nucleic acids into a host bacterium • lysozymeA bacteriolytic (or antibiotic) enzyme found in many animal secretions and in egg white. • microbiotaThe microbial flora harbored by normal, healthy individuals. • microorganismAn organism that is too small to be seen by the unaided eye, especially a single-celled organism, such as a bacterium. • microorganismAn organism that is too small to be seen by the unaided eye, especially a single-celled organism, such as a bacterium. • mutualismA relationship between individuals of different species in which both individuals benefit Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  16. Pathogenicity • mycotoxinAny substance produced by a mold or fungus that is injurious to vertebrates upon ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact. • opportunistwhen an organism takes advantage of any opportunity to advance its own situation. • OpportunisticTaking advantage of situations that arise. • opportunistic infectionAny infection that causes disease and occurs only when the host's immune system is impaired. • pathogenAny organism or substance, especially a microorganism, capable of causing disease, such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, or fungi. Microorganisms are not considered to be pathogenic until they have reached a population size that is large enough to cause disease. • pathogenAny organism or substance, especially a microorganism, capable of causing disease, such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, or fungi. Microorganisms are not considered to be pathogenic until they have reached a population size that is large enough to cause disease. • pathogenAny organism or substance, especially a microorganism, capable of causing disease, such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, or fungi. Microorganisms are not considered to be pathogenic until they have reached a population size that is large enough to cause disease. • pathogenicity islandA distinct class of genomic islands acquired by microorganisms through horizontal gene transfer. • peptidoglycanA polymer of glycan and peptides found in bacterial cell walls. • phagocytosisthe process by which a cell incorporates foreign particles intracellularly. • pilusA hair-like appendage found on the cell surface of many bacteria. • prionA self-propagating misfolded conformer of a protein that is responsible for a number of diseases that affect the brain and other neural tissue. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  17. Pathogenicity • protozoaProtozoa are a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms, many of which are motile. Originally, protozoa had been defined as unicellular protists with animal-like behavior, e.g., movement. Protozoa were regarded as the partner group of protists to protophyta, which have plant-like behavior, e.g., photosynthesis. • siderophoreAny medium-sized molecule that has a high specificity for binding or chelating iron; they are employed by microorganisms to obtain iron from the environment • sterileunable to reproduce (or procreate) • symbiontAn organism that lives in a symbiotic relationship; a symbiote. • thalloidOf a plant, alga, or fungus lacking complex organization, especially lacking distinct stems, roots, or leaves. • transmissionTransmission is the passing of a communicable disease from an infected host individual or group to a conspecific individual or group, regardless of whether the other individual was previously infected. • trophozoiteA protozoan in the feeding stage of its life cycle. • vaccinationinoculation with a vaccine in order to protect a particular disease or strain of disease. • virulenceThe degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of parasites as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host and it is determined by virulence factors. • virulence factorMolecules expressed and secreted by pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa) that enable them to achieve colonization of a niche in the host, immunoevasion, immunosuppression, entry into and out of the cells, and obtaining nutrition from the host. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  18. Pathogenicity Escherichia coli This is a magnified view of Escherichia coli (or E. coli). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."EscherichiaColi NIAID."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EscherichiaColi_NIAID.jpgView on Boundless.com

  19. Pathogenicity Bacterial Conjugation A schematic drawing of bacterial conjugation. Conjugation diagram 1- Donor cell produces pilus. 2- Pilus attaches to recipient cell, brings the two cells together. 3- The mobile plasmid is nicked, and a single strand of DNA is then transferred to the recipient cell. 4- Both cells recircularize their plasmids, synthesize second strands, and reproduce pili; both cells are now viable donors. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Conjugation."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Conjugation.svgView on Boundless.com

  20. Pathogenicity Tuberculosis Culture The bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis can evolve to subvert the protection offered by immune defenses. This close-up reveals this organism's colonial morphology. Note the colorless rough surface, which are typical morphologic characteristics seen in Mycobacterium tuberculosis colonial growth. Macroscopic examination of colonial growth patterns is still one of the ways microorganisms are often identified. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."TB Culture."Public domainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TB_Culture.jpgView on Boundless.com

  21. Pathogenicity Biofilm development 5 stages of biofilm development. Stage 1, initial attachment; stage 2, irreversible attachment; stage 3, maturation I; stage 4, maturation II; stage 5, dispersion. Each stage of development in the diagram is paired with a photomicrograph of a developing Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. All photomicrographs are shown to same scale. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Biofilm."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biofilm.jpgView on Boundless.com

  22. Pathogenicity Cephaleuros virescens Infestation of the algal leaf spot (Cephaleuros virescens) on ther southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora); Green-orange algal spots or "green scruf" on leaf surface. The grayish-white and darker "crusts" are lichens of the genus Strigula resulting from fungal colonization of the alga. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Cephaleuros virescens01."CC BYhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cephaleuros_virescens01.jpghttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cephaleuros_virescens01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  23. Pathogenicity E. coli fimbriae In bacteriology, a fimbria (plural fimbriae; abbreviated FIM) is an appendage composed of curlin proteins that can be found on many Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria that is thinner and shorter than a flagellum. This appendage ranges from 3-10 nanometers in diameter and can be up to several micrometers long. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."E. coli fimbriae."CC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E._coli_fimbriae.pngView on Boundless.com

  24. Pathogenicity Hookworms The hookworms attached to the intestinal mucosa. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Hookworms."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hookworms.JPGView on Boundless.com

  25. Pathogenicity Methanogenic Bacteria in Termites Methanogenic bacteria have a syntrophic relationship with protozoans living in the guts of termites. The protozoans break down cellulose, releasing H2 which is then used in methanogenesis. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Coptotermes formosanus shiraki USGov k8204-7."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coptotermes_formosanus_shiraki_USGov_k8204-7.jpgView on Boundless.com

  26. Pathogenicity How C. difficile spreads C. difficile is transmitted from person to person by the fecal-oral route. The organism forms large numbers of heat-resistant spores. These are not killed by alcohol-based hand cleansers or routine cleaning of surfaces. These spores remain viable in the hospital or nursing home environment for long periods of time. Because of this, the bacteria can be cultured from almost any surface in the hospital. Once spores are ingested by a patient, they pass through the stomach unscathed because of their acid-resistance. They germinate into vegetative cells in the colon upon exposure to bile acids, and multiply. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."How C. difficile spreads."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:How_C._difficile_spreads.pngView on Boundless.com

  27. Pathogenicity Horizontal Gene Transfer There are three mechanisms by which horizontal gene transfer can occur. Specifically, the exchange of plasmid DNA falls under transformation. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Michigan%20State%20University."Horizontal%20Gene%20Transfer%20%E2%80%94%20Antimicrobial%20Resistance%20Learning%20Site%20For%20Veterinary%20Students."CC BYhttp://amrls.cvm.msu.edu/microbiology/molecular-basis-for-antimicrobial-resistance/acquired-resistance/acquisition-of-antimicrobial-resistance-via-horizontal-gene-transferView on Boundless.com

  28. Pathogenicity Malaria Life Cycle Example of a life cycle promoting pathogenicity of a protozoa, specifically the malaria parasite. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."CDC - Malaria - About Malaria - Biology."Public domainhttp://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/View on Boundless.com

  29. Pathogenicity HIV This is a magnified view of HIV budding from a lymphocyte. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."HIV-budding-Color."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HIV-budding-Color.jpgView on Boundless.com

  30. Pathogenicity Candida A Candida infection seen from a pap test specimen. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Candida pap 1."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Candida_pap_1.jpgView on Boundless.com

  31. Pathogenicity Chest x-ray of a patient with tuberculosis. In this chest X-ray of a person with advanced tuberculosis, the infections in both lungs are marked by white arrowheads and the formation of a cavity is marked by black arrows. The boundary between contagious and non-contagious infectious diseases is not perfectly drawn, as illustrated by tuberculosis, which is clearly transmissible from person to person, but was not classically considered a contagious disease. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Tuberculosis-x-ray-1."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tuberculosis-x-ray-1.jpgView on Boundless.com

  32. Pathogenicity Gut Flora Gut flora consists of microorganisms such as Escherichia Coli that live in the digestive tracts of animals. It is the largest reservoir of human flora. In this context, gut is synonymous with intestinal, and flora with microbiota and microflora. The word microbiome is also in use. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia.Public domainhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/EscherichiaColi_NIAID.jpgView on Boundless.com

  33. Pathogenicity Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus is a Gram-positive bacteria which includes several species that can cause a wide variety of infections in humans and other animals through infection or the production of toxins. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Staphylococcus aureus 01."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Staphylococcus_aureus_01.jpg%23filelinksView on Boundless.com

  34. Pathogenicity Staphylococcus aureus biofilm Staphylococcus aureus forming a biofilm on a catheter. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Staphylococcus aureus biofilm 01."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Staphylococcus_aureus_biofilm_01.jpg%23filelinksView on Boundless.com

  35. Pathogenicity Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesin structure The structure on the top (outside) of the outer membrane is a TAA protein. Various parts of the TAA are labelled, including the N-terminal head, stalk domain and C-terminal membrane anchor. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Taabasic1."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taabasic1.jpgView on Boundless.com

  36. Pathogenicity Staphylococcus aureus biofilm Staphylococcus aureus forming a biofilm on a catheter. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Staphylococcus%20aureus%20biofilm%2001."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Staphylococcus_aureus_biofilm_01.jpg%23filelinksView on Boundless.com

  37. Pathogenicity Stanley Prusiner Stanley Prusiner discovered prions, which are a class of infectious self-reproducing pathogens primarily or solely composed of protein. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Prusiner 1."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prusiner_1.JPG%23filelinksView on Boundless.com

  38. Pathogenicity Protected from Phagocytosis Staphylococcus aureus exhibit physical properties, specifically a capsule, that protect the bacteria from phagocytosis. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Phagocyte."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocyte%23Host_damage_by_phagocytesView on Boundless.com

  39. Pathogenicity Lysogenic and lytic cycles Schematic of lysogenic and lytic cycle utilized by viruses to ensure viral reproduction. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikidoc."File:Viral%20Reproduction%20Chart.png%20-%20wikidoc."CC BY-SAhttp://ro.wikidoc.org/index.php/File:Viral_Reproduction_Chart.pngView on Boundless.com

  40. Pathogenicity Sneezing Sneezing can spread disease by launching disease vectors into the air. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Sneeze."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sneeze.JPG%23filelinksView on Boundless.com

  41. Pathogenicity Bacterial Toxin Mechanism of Action A schematic of various processes utilized by bacterial toxins to damage host cells. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."Figure 1 - Bacterial Toxins: Friends or Foes?- Volume 5, Number 2—April 1999 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC."Public domainhttp://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/5/2/99-0206-f1.htmView on Boundless.com

  42. Pathogenicity Type IV Secretion System Type IV secretion systems are characterized by the ability to transfer material using machinery similar to the bacterial conjugation machinery. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."File:T4SS.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:T4SS.svg&page=1View on Boundless.com

  43. Pathogenicity Type III Secretion System The type III secretion system is characterized by the ability to inject secretory molecules into the host eukaryotic cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."T3SS needle complex."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T3SS_needle_complex.svgView on Boundless.com

  44. Pathogenicity Escherichia coli O157:H7 Topographical images of colonies of E. coli O157:H7 strains (A) 43895OW (curli non-producing) and (B) 43895OR (curli producing) grown on agar for 48 h at 28°C. Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an enterohemorrhagic strain of the bacterium Escherichia coli and a cause of food borne illness. Infection often leads to hemorrhagic diarrhea and occasionally to kidney failure, especially in young children and elderly persons. Transmission is via the fecal-oral route. Most illness has been associated with eating under cooked, contaminated ground beef or ground pork, swimming in or drinking contaminated water, or eating contaminated vegetables. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."EColiCRIS051-Fig2."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EColiCRIS051-Fig2.jpgView on Boundless.com

  45. Pathogenicity Leishmania donovani Leishmania donovani, (a species of protozoa) in a bone marrow cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Leishmania donovani 01."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leishmania_donovani_01.pngView on Boundless.com

  46. Pathogenicity Attribution • Wikipedia."Infection."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection%23Colonization • Wiktionary."infection."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/infection • Wikipedia."Virulence."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulence • Wikipedia."Human microbiome."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20microbiome • Wikipedia."Infection."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection • Wikipedia."Normal flora."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_flora • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Immune Response against Pathogens. January 16, 2014."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/contents/bcad1027-425a-4419-b0fc-9d445dfe425f@4 • Wikipedia."Helminthes."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helminthes • Wiktionary."lymphatic system."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lymphatic_system • Wiktionary."helminth."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/helminth • Wikipedia."fimbriae."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fimbriae • Wikipedia."Bacteria."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria • Wikipedia."Adhesins."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesins • Wiktionary."adhesin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adhesin • Wikipedia."Pathogen."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen%23Types_of_pathogen • Wikipedia."Pathogen."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen%23Types_of_pathogen • Wiktionary."pathogen."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pathogen Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  47. Pathogenicity • Wiktionary."prion."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prion • Wikipedia."Phagocyte."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocyte%23Host_damage_by_phagocytes • Wikipedia."Phagocyte."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocyte%23Host_damage_by_phagocytes • Wikipedia."Corynebacterium diphtheriae."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corynebacterium_diphtheriae • Wiktionary."diphtheria."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diphtheria • Wiktionary."phagocytosis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phagocytosis • National Insitute of Health."Diseases - Understanding Infectious Diseases, page 1."Public domainhttp://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih1/diseases/guide/understanding1.htm • Wiktionary."pathogen."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pathogen • Wiktionary."biofilm."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biofilm • Wiktionary."antigenic variation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antigenic_variation • Wikibooks."Structural Biochemistry/Genetic code/Immune System."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Genetic_code/Immune_System%23Pathogen.E2.80.99s_Evade_the_Immune_System • Wikipedia."Microbial toxins."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_toxins • Wikipedia."Microbial toxins."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_toxins • Wikipedia."Mycotoxin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycotoxin • Wikipedia."Mycotoxin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycotoxin • Wikipedia."Listeriolysin O."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeriolysin_O • Wikipedia."Lipopolysaccharide."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide • Wikipedia."Claviceps."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claviceps • Wikipedia."Claviceps."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claviceps Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  48. Pathogenicity • Wikipedia."Toxin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxin • Wikipedia."Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcal_Enterotoxin_B • Wiktionary."cytokines."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cytokines • Wiktionary."exotoxin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exotoxin • Wikipedia."Microbial toxins."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_toxins%23Mycotoxins • Wiktionary."endotoxin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/endotoxin • U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Public domainhttp://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/UCM297627.pdf • National Insitute of Health."Toxins: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia."Public domainhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002331.htm • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."Bacterial Toxins: Friends or Foes?."Public domainhttp://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/5/2/99-0206_article.htm • Wikipedia."Virulence factor."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulence_factor • Wikipedia."Virulence."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulence • Wikipedia."Virulence."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulence • Wikipedia."virulence."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/virulence • Wikipedia."Virulence."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulence • Wikipedia."Human microbiome."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_microbiome • Wiktionary."interferon."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/interferon • Wiktionary."microorganism."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/microorganism • Wikipedia."Escherichia coli."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli%23Role_as_normal_microbiota • Wiktionary."host."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/host Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  49. Pathogenicity • Wikipedia."Pilus."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilus • Wiktionary."pilus."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pilus • Wikipedia."Haemophilus ducreyi."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_ducreyi • Wikipedia."Hiv."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiv • Wikipedia."Opportunistic infection."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunistic_infection • Wikipedia."Microorganisms."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganisms • Wikipedia."Opportunism."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunism%23Biological_opportunism • Wiktionary."microorganism."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/microorganism • Wiktionary."immunodeficiency."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/immunodeficiency • Wiktionary."Opportunistic."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Opportunistic • Wikipedia."Ferrichrome."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrichrome • Wikipedia."Iron in microbiology."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_in_microbiology • Wikipedia."Iron in microbiology."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_in_microbiology • Wikipedia."Siderophore."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siderophore • Wikipedia."Enterobactin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterobactin • Wikipedia."Enterobactin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterobactin • Wiktionary."siderophore."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/siderophore • Wiktionary."chelating agent."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chelating_agent • Wikipedia."Yersiniabactin."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yersiniabactin Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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