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1. Advent of Europeans in India By Dr Jitendra Kumar PhD in History (Jawaharlal Nehru University) Former Asst. Professor (University of Delhi)

3. Vasco de Gama Calicut (May 1498) Portuguese: Cape of Good Hope 1501 (Once Again) Factory: Cannanore (Kannur) Calicut, Kannur & Cochin Trade Centres

4. Portuguese Establishment in India Monopoly for Century Cochin, Goa, Diu, & Daman Use of force (armed ships): Sea Intervened: Calicut-Cochin conflict Malabar coast. Alfonso-De-Albuquerque (1509-1515) Shaping Portuguese empire Several port cities 1509: Diu 1510: Goa 1511: Malacca 1530: Capital: Goa Diu, Daman and Bassein Konkan and Malabar Local rulers Raja of Cochin: puppet Portuguese: Marry indigenous women: Goa Privileged caste Francisco De Almeida (1505-1509) First Portuguese Viceroy Not very successful Fortresses: Kannur & Kilwa Nino da Cunha (1529) Naval Battle of Diu Egyptian & Gujarat (Mahmud Beghara) Almeida’s son: killed Next year: retaliated: Defeat Cochin to Goa Bengal: Hooghly Diu and Bassein Gujarat: Bahadur Shah (1537) Anjadiva, Cochin Blue Water Policy (cartaze system) Naval trade license ( Portuguese king) Zamorin Mameluke Sultan of Egypt Opposition:

5. Causes for the Decline of Portuguese Impact of Portuguese Emergence of naval power Ships: cannon Malabar: military innovation Use of field guns Artillery of the stirrup Lack of powerful merchant class Crown: Control Trade: Merchantalism body armour matchlock men guns landed from the ships Dutch and English 18th century: lost their commercial authority Individual capability Discovery of Brazil: Portugal to the West. Tobacco Cashew nut Better Coconut New crops: First & Last

7. Dutch Establishment in India Merger: Dutch East India Company First factory: Coromandel Coast Textile to Southeast Asian markets Supremacy in the intra-Asian trade Towards: Malay Archipelago Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672-74) Communication cut: Surat-Bombay: British ships British retaliation: Dutch defeat: Battle of Hooghly (1759) No such in empire-building in India Spice Islands of Moluccas (Maluku) Banda, Celebes (Sulawesi), and the Europe Jan Pieterszoon Coen Jan van Riebeeck Services of the dalal or broker. Surrendering to Maharaja Marthanda Varma of Travancore after the Battle of Colachel.

8. Danish Establishment in India 1616 King Christian IV India and Ceylon Coromandel Coast Pepper and Cardamom 1620: Tharangambadi Trade: Raghunatha Nayak (Thanjavur) Possession of Town & Export pepper Tharangambadi: hybrid town, wall, grid pattern street layout and a strong fortress Protestantism India’s first printing press: Bible in Tamil

9. French in India Last 1668: Surat 1674: Francois Martin: Pondicherry (Headquarters) Fort Louis (large port city: 1741) J. B. Colbert (Mercantilist thinker of France) French Governors Dumas and Joseph Francois Dupleix Territorial colony in India 1731: Mahe (Malabar Coast) 1731: Yanam 1758: Karaikal Death: Nizam-ul-Mulk War of succession Opportunity to interfere French: Nizam’s grandson Muzaffar Jang English: Nizam’s second son, Nasir Jang Balasore (Baleshwar) Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam) Chandernagore (Chandannagar) Tellicherry (Thalassery) Calicut (Kozhikode) Muzaffar Jang (Victorious) 1749: Amboor battle Appointed Dupleix as his deputy South of river Krishna

10. Joseph Francis Dupleix 1741: Director-General Nawab by Mughal emperor Subahdar of Deccan by Muzaffar Jang Pondicherry: Emporium of commerce First European to interfere in the internal politics Muzaffar Jang for Hyderabad Chanda Sahib for Carnatic Dupleix: originator: subsidiary alliance French army at Hyderabad (expense) Recalled in 1754: Second Carnatic War (SYW) Dupleix (Puducheri) Treaty of Paris (1763) French surrendered: No Intervention Forerunners of colonisation Pondicherry: Bijapur: 1672: Port city

11. British East India Company 1599: ‘MerchantAdventurers’ (Group) 31 December 1600: Charter: Queen Elizabeth I ‘Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies’. Monopoly of 15 years May 1609: indefinitely English Revolution of 1688 (Glorious Revolution) Whigs (British Political Party): Opposed: Monopoly Rival company: Sir William Norris (Ambassador) The court of Aurangzeb (1701-1702) New Company: failure Dissolved in 1874 Remained dormant, Sanjiv Mehta Pressure: British Crown & Parliament 1708: Merger of two companies were amalgamated ‘United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies’ The East India Company (1708 to 1873)

12. Important Events of East India Company 1600: The British East India Company was established by a Royal Charter signed by Elizabeth I. 1609: Arrival of William Hawkins at Jahangir’s court to secure royal patronage. He succeeded in getting the royal permit for the Company to establish its factories at various places on the Western coast of India. 1611: The Mughal governor of Surat permitted Captain Middleton to trade there. 1612: Captain Thomas Best defeated the Portuguese in the sea off Surat. 1613: Jahangir granted permission to the English to establish a factory at Surat under Thomas Aldworth. 1615: Sir Thomas Roe secured many privileges, including permission to set up factories at Agra, Ahmedabad and Broach (Bharuch). 1616: The EIC established its first factory in the south in Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam). 1632: The Golden Farman was given to EIC by the Sultan of Golconda. It helps in ensuring their safety and prosperity.

13. 1633: EIC established a factory near Hariharpur, Balasore (Baleshwar) in Odisha. 1639: EIC obtained the lease of Madras from the local king and built Fort St George there to protect its factory. 1651: The governor of Bengal Sujauddaula allowed them to carry out its trade activities in Bengal. 1662: Charles II of England married a Portuguese princess Katherine and received the island of Bombay as dowry. 1668: Charles II of England gave Bombay to the East India Company for 10 pounds per year. EIC shifted its business headquarters from Surat to Bombay. 1698: EIC purchased 3 villages (Sutanati, Govindapur and Kolkata) to build a factory. 1717: The Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar issued a Farman, called Magna Carta of the Company, giving the Company a large number of trade concessions.

15. European Powers Portuguese Their factories/settlements in India Cannanore, Cochin, Mangalore, San Thome, Nagapatnam Hooghly. Daman and Diu Masulipatnam, Nagapatam, Bimlipatam Karaikal Kasimbazar, Balasore, Patna, Cochin Tranquebar Serampore Surat Bombay Agra, Ahmedabad,Broach Madras, Masulipatnam, Sutanuti, Hariharpur, Balasore Hooghly Surat, Masulipatnam Chandernagore Pondicherry Mahe, Karaikal, Balasore and Qasim Bazar Calicut, Goa, Bassein Pulicat, Surat The Dutch Chinsura Baranagar, The Danes The English Gobindapur ,Kalikata The French

16. Q. What were the factors that led to the advent of Europeans in India?

18. Reasons for English Success in India BEIA: Amalgamation of several rival companies at home Controlled by a board of directors (Elected annually) Shareholders exercised considerable influence State: French & Portuguese French: 60% (Monarch) Directors (Monarch) Britain’s Royal Navy: Largest and Advanced Spanish at Armada & French at Trafalgar Portuguese in India Industrial Revolution (18th century) Spinning Jenny, steam engine, the power loom Textile, metallurgy, steam power and agriculture.

19. The Anglo-French struggle for supremacy Only two Europeans: French & British Anglo-French rivalry: Three Carnatic Wars Dupleix and Bussy: Destroyed (1760–1761) Restored by the Peace of Paris (1763). Both: Mercantile capitalism English: vastly superior infrastructure French: deficient & lack of commercial knowledge English: wealthier body & frequent voyages French: Only Trade

20. First Carnatic War (1740-48) Anglo-French War (Austrian War of Succession-1740) English: Anwar-ud-din (Carnatic Nawab) protection and assistance Anwar-ud-din: Dupleix: raise the siege of Madras 1748: Treaty of Aix-La Chapelle: Austrian War of Succession to an end Madras- English French-North America French: performed better French: no mood Nawab: no naval fleet: not to support British Teach French a lesson Army against French: Madras Got defeated Eye-opener for the Europeans in India Austrian War of Succession (1740–48) Death of Charles VI (Habsburg) • 1746:Battle of St. Thome/Battle of Adyar Maria Theresa? • French & Anwar-ud-din King George’s War in North America • 230 Europeans & 700 Indian soldiers War of Jenkins’ Ear • Captain Paradise &Mahfuz Khan First Carnatic War in India • Jacobite rising of 1745 in Scotland • First and Second Silesian Wars. •

21. Second Carnatic War (1749-54) Succession: Carnatic & Hyderabad 1748: Asaf-Jah-Nizam-ul-Mulk Second son: Nasir Jang (British) Robert Clive: a young clerk: Attack Arcot, Carnatic capital Grandson: Muzaffar Jang (Mughal Emperor) Clive: Arcot: only 200 English and 300 Indian soldiers Allies: Chanda Sahib (Carnatic) Chanda Sahib & French: Siege of Trichinopoly French forces were constantly defeated Chanda Sahib: captured and killed Dupleix: Treaties: Chanda Sahib & Muzaffar Jang 1749: 3 allies: killed Anwar-ud-din: Battle ofAmbur Dupleix: little support: State 1754: English: Recall of Dupleix Muhammad Ali Khan Walajah: Recognised His son Muhammad Ali: fled- Trichinopoly Chanda Sahib became Nawab of Carnatic.

22. Third Carnatic War (1758-63) 1756: Seven Years’ War 1760: Wandiwash Battle English: Chandernagore General Eyre Coote: Lally (French general) Siraj-ud-Daula: enraged: British behaviour No possessions except Jinje and Pondicherry Warning: English: No Tolerance Then: Puducherry Chandernagore: Besieged: Nawab: Shelter: French Treaty of Peace of Paris(1763): Restored Small enclaves and commerce Nawab’s Refusal: Reason: Conflict Seven Years’ War (1756–63) Overseas colonial struggles Great Britain & France Control of North America and India The Battle of Wandiwash (22 January 1760) Treaty of Paris (1763) 1759: Dutch: Battle of Bidara Ultimate European power

23. Many European colonial powers came to India but it was only the British who could establish its footprints in India. Critically Comment. ❖ Economic Interest ❖ Military Superiority ❖ Political Strategies ❖ Administrative Efficiency ❖ Industrial Technological Advancements ❖ Education and Cultural Influence ❖ Communication and Transport Revolution &

24. 6. 'Neither Alexander the Great nor Napoleon could have won the empire of India by starting from Pondicherry as a base and contending with a power which held Bengal and the command of the Sea.' Comment 7. "Compared to their English counterpart, the French East India Company enjoyed little discretionary power and had to always look up to Paris for all major decisions. This partly explains the failure of the French in India." Critically examine. (2012) 8. "Dupleix made a cardinal blunder in looking for the key of India in Madras, Clive sought and found it in Bengal." Critically examine (2013) 11. Comment on the French ambition of building a territorial empire in India. (2016) 14. 'It was Dupleix who had first showed the way of intervening in disputes of the Indian rulers and thereby acquiring political control over west territories- a technique which was later perfected by the English East India Company'. Elaborate. (2020)

25. Consider the following statements: 1. Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese explorer and the first European to reach India by sea. 2. The Portuguese Empire established the first European trading centre at Calicut. 3. The Portuguese were the first to issue Cartaz. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 only D. 2 and 3 only

26. The correct option is B 1 and 3 only. 1. Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese explorer and the first European to reach India by sea. 2. Portuguese Empire established the first European trading centre at Kollam 3. The Cartaz (plural cartazes, in Portuguese) was a naval trade license or pass issued by the Portuguese empire in the Indian ocean during the sixteenth century (circa 1502-1750). Its name derives from the Portuguese term 'cartas', meaning letters. The British navicert system of 1939-45 shared similarities with it.

27. With reference to Indian history, consider the following statements: 1. The Dutch established their factories/ warehouses on the east coast on lands granted to them by Gajapati rulers. 2. Alfonso de Albuquerque captured Goa from the Bijapur Sultanate. 3. The English East India Company established a factory at Madras on a plot of land leased from a representative of the Vijayanagara empire. Which of the statements given above are correct? a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3

29. 1] In the first quarter of the seventeenth century, in which of the following was/were the factory/factories of the English East India Company located? 1) Broach 2) Chicacole 3) Trichinopoly Select the correct answer using the code given below. a) 1 only b) 1 and 2 c) 3 only d) 2 and 3

30. 2] Consider the following statements: 1) Francis Xavier was one of the founding members of the Jesuit Order 2) Francis Xavier died in Goa and a church is dedicated to him there 3) The Feast of St. Francis Xavier is celebrated in Goa each year Which of the statements given above are correct? a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3

31. 1] Concerning the Pondicherry (now Puducherry), consider the following statements: 1. The first European power to occupy Pondicherry was the Portuguese. 2. The second European power to occupy Pondicherry was the French. 3. The English never occupied Pondicherry. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 only c) 3 only b) 2 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3

32. With whose permission did the English set up their first factory in Surat? a) Akbar c) Shahjahan b) Jahangir d) Aurangzeb

33. In the year 1613, where was the English East India Company given permission to set up a factory (trading post)? [2006] a) Bangalore c) Masulipatnam b) Madras d) Surat

34. In India, among the following locations, the Dutch established their earliest factory at: a) Surat c) Cochin b) Pulicat d) Cassimbazar

35. 1. Alfonso de Albuquerque played a pivotal role in shaping Portuguese geopolitical designs during his tenure as Viceroy in India (1509-1515). Which of the following statements regarding his actions and accomplishments is/are correct? 1. Alfonso de Albuquerque conquered Diu in 1509, followed by the capture of Goa in 1510 and Malacca in 1511. 2. Goa later became the capital of the Portuguese Commercial Empire in India in 1530. 3. The Portuguese occupied Diu, Daman, and Bassein to control trade from Gujarat, and they controlled the trade routes along the coast of Konkan and Malabar. 4. Local rulers, like the Raja of Cochin, collaborated with the Portuguese to enhance their power in relation to their nominal overlord, the Zamorin of Calicut. Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1, 2, and 3 only B. 2 and 4 only C. 1, 3, and 4 only D. 1, 2, 3, and 4

36. Why did the Portuguese not succeed like the British in India? A. Lack of political support from the Crown B. Dominance of a powerful merchant class C. Challenges from Dutch and English merchant companies by the end of the 16th century D. Continued Portuguese commercial authority in India until the 18th century