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Thailand's Experience in Oil Price Deregulation

This paper explores Thailand's experience in oil price deregulation, discussing the major players involved, oil price determination before and after deregulation, and the implementation process. It also highlights the need for improved determination of prices, tax and retail price structures, and increased competition in the domestic oil market.

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Thailand's Experience in Oil Price Deregulation

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  1. THAILAND’S EXPERIENCE INOIL PRICE DEREGULATION by Piyasvasti Amranand Paper Prepared for Roundtable Discussion on Downstream Oil & Gas Restructuring in Indonesia Borobodur Hotel Jakarta, 15-16 October 2002

  2. MAJOR PLAYERS INVOLVED IN DEREGULATION • GOVERNMENT • NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY OFFICE (NEPO) • INTERNAL TRADE DEPARTMENT • PROVINCIAL AUTHORITIES • STATE OWNED OIL COMPANIES • PETROLEUM AUTHORITY OF THAILAND (PTT), BANGCHAK (BCP) • PRIVATE OIL COMPANIES • SHELL, ESSO, CALTEX, THAIOIL

  3. OIL PRICE DETERMINATION BEFORE DEREGULATION • EX-REFINERY & IMPORT PRICES DETERMINED BY GOVERNMENT BASED ON SINGAPORE POSTING AND SPOT PRICES • MARKETING MARGIN DETERMINED BY GOVERNMENT AND RARELY CHANGED • EXCISE AND MUNICIPAL TAXES ON SPECIFIC BASIS (BAHT/LITRE) • RETAIL PRICES DETERMINED BY GOVERNMENT AND RARELY CHANGED • OIL FUND LEVY/SUBSIDY ACTED AS STABILIZER OF RETAIL PRICES RETAIL PRICE = EX-REFINERY/IMPORT PRICE + OIL FUND + TAXES + MARKETING MARGIN

  4. OIL MARKET BEFORE DEREGULATION • RETAIL TRADE CONTROLLED BY 4 MAJOR OIL COMPANIES (PTT, SHELL, ESSO, CALTEX) • MARKETING MARGIN KEPT CONSTANT FOR MANY YEARS • A FEW INDEPENDENT OIL COMPANIES INVOLVED IN WHOLESALE TRADE • OIL IMPORTS WERE CONTROLLED WITH QUOTA SYSTEM • NO NEW ENTRANTS INTO OIL BUSINESS DUE TO GOVERNMENT POLICY (NO LICENSE ISSUED FOR ARTICLE 6 OIL TRADER) • DOMESTIC REFINING CAPACITY APPROX. 50% OF DEMAND • MANY REMOTE AREAS DID NOT HAVE PETROL STATIONS. CONSUMERS BOUGHT OIL FROM “DRUM PUMPS” WHOSE PRICES WERE NOT CONTROLLED AND WERE 1-3 BAHT/LITRE HIGHER THAN SERVICE STATION PRICES.

  5. PREPARATION OF OIL PRICE DEREGULATION • INCREASE COMPETITION IN DOMESTIC OIL MARKET • IMPROVE DETERMINATION OF EX-REFINERY & IMPORT PRICES TO MORE ACCURATELY REFLECT WORLD PRICES • IMPROVE TAX AND RETAIL PRICE STRUCTURE OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS • INTRODUCTION OF AUTOMATIC FUEL ADJUSTMENT CLAUSE FOR ELECTRICTY TARIFF • CREATE PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING ABOUT NATURE OF OIL MARKET • CREATE CONFIDENCE THAT OIL COMPANIES WOULD NOT TAKE ADVANTAGE OF CONSUMERS

  6. INCREASE COMPETITION IN DOMESTIC OIL MARKET • REVISE CRITERIA FOR ISSUEING ARTICLE 6 OIL TRADING LICENSE AND ISSUE PERMITS TO ENCOURAGE NEW ENTRANTS • ABOLISH IMPORT CONTROL • INCREASE REFINING CAPACITY BY ALLOWING EXISTING REFINERIES (ESSO, THAIOIL, BCP) TO EXPAND AND GIVING PERMITS FOR 2 NEW REFINERIES (SHELL, CALTEX) • REVISE REGULATIONS FOR ESTABLISHING PETROL STATIONS IN ORDER TO REDUCE COSTS AND TIME FOR OBTAINING PERMITS AND ALLOW CONSTRUCTION OF SMALLER PETROL STATIONS • ALLOW BANGCHAK REFINERY TO SELL OIL TO ALL OIL TRADERS • ALLOW PTT AND BANGCHAK TO COMPETE IN OIL MARKET AND ENCOURAGE BANGCHAK TO SET UP SMALL DIESEL OUTLETS WITH AGRICULTURE COOPERATIVES

  7. IMPROVE DETERMINATION OF EX-REFINERY & IMPORT PRICES TO MORE ACCURATELY REFLECT WORLD PRICES • PREVIOUSLY EX-REFINERY AND IMPORT PRICES WERE SET BASED ON SINGAPORE POSTING WITH UNCLEAR TIME LAG AND FORMULAE WERE CHANGED FROM TIME TO TIME UPON REQUEST BY OIL COMPANIES. • A CLEAR SET OF FORMULAE WAS DEVISED - ESSENTIALLY LINKING IMPORT PRICES TO CIF PRICE OF SINGAPORE SPOT MARKET WITH A TIME LAG OF ONE WEEK. • EX-REFINERY PRICES STILL BASED ON SINGAPORE POSTING BUT WITH CLEARER GUIDELINES. • THIS ALLOWED A MORE REGULAR FLOW OF IMPORTS INTO THAILAND.

  8. IMPROVE TAX AND RETAIL PRICE STRUCTURE OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS • TAX AND RETAIL PRICE STRUCTURE WERE PREVIOUSLY VERY DISTORTED LEADING TO ADULTERATION OF PRODUCTS, ENGINE MODIFICATION AND SHIFT TO DIESEL VEHICLES. • DURING 1985-91 TAXES AND RETAIL PRICES WERE GRADUALLY ADJUSTED TO REDUCE THE DISTORTION. BAHT/LITRE 1984 1997 TAX & RETAIL TAX & RETAIL OIL FUND PRICE OIL FUND PRICE PREMIUM GASOLINE 2.7898 11.70 3.4449* 9.95* REGULAR GASOLINE 2.4410 10.80 3.4155* 9.50* HIGH SPEED DIESEL 0.7431 6.70 2.9634 8.81 LPG (BAHT/Kg) -0.2684 10.74 1.9636 9.72 * PRICES AND TAXES OF UNLEADED GASOLINE ** DOMESTIC OILFUND

  9. PRICE STRUCTURE OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS (1997) UNIT : BAHT/LITRE UNLEADED UNLEADED HIGH SPEED PREMIUM REGULAR DIESEL EX-REFINERY 5.1358 4.7105 4.9546 EXCISE TAX 2.4400 2.4400 2.0700 MUNICIPAL TAX 0.2440 0.2440 0.2070 OIL FUND 0.0800 0.0800 0.0800 ENCON FUND 0.0300 0.0300 0.0300 VAT 0.5551 0.5253 0.5139 WHOLESALE PRICE 8.4849 8.0298 7.8555 MARKETING MARGIN 1.3693 1.3740 0.8920 VAT 0.0958 0.0962 0.0625 RETAIL PRICE 9.95 9.50 8.81 (BKK)

  10. IMPLEMENTATION OF OIL PRICE DEREGULATION • USE THE OPPORTUNITY CREATED BY FALL IN WORLD OIL PRICE AFTER THE END OF IRAQ-KUWAIT WAR • DEREGULATION WAS CARRIED OUT FOR GASOLINE, KEROSENE, DIESEL AND FUEL OIL • “SEMI DEREGULATION” IMPLEMENTED AT THE END OF MAY 1991 • “FULL DEREGULATION” IMPLEMENTED ON 19 AUGUST 1991

  11. SEMI DEREGULATION • SERVICE STATIONS TO POST VISIBLE PRICES (EACH LETTER > 15 CM. HIGH) • GOVERNMENT REDUCED WHOLESALE PRICE BY REDUCING OIL FUND LEVY • GOVERNMENT ENCOURAGED OIL TRADERS TO REDUCE RETAIL PRICES • WHEN ACTUAL RETAIL PRICE WAS LOWER THAN MAXIMUM PRICE, GOVERNMENT ABOLISHED MAXIMUM RETAIL PRICE • GOVERNMENT STILL ESTABLISHED EX-REFINERY & IMPORT PRICES ON WEEKLY BASIS • OIL FUND LEVY WAS FIXED AT A CONSTANT LEVEL AND WHOLESALE PRICES WERE ALLOWED TO CHANGE EVERY WEEK IN LINE WITH EX-REFINERY PRICES • OIL COMPANIES CHANGED RETAIL PRICES IN LINE WITH CHANGES IN WHOLESALE PRICES BUT WITH A TIME LAG • OIL COMPANIES WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR SETTING PRICES AT THEIR SERVICE STATIONS AND CLOSELY MONITOR THEM • OIL COMPANIES HAD TO INFORM NEPO OF EACH CHANGE IN RETAIL PRICES • PETROL STATIONS HAD TO REPORT PUMP PRICES EVERY MONTH

  12. FULL DEREGULATION • FULL DEREGULATION OCCURRED ON 19 AUGUST 1991 • GOVERNMENT ABOLISHED DETERMINATION OF EX-REFINERY/IMPORT & WHOLESALE PRICES • REFINERIES ANNOUNCED THEIR EX-REFINERY PRICES • PRICES SOLD TO ARTICLE 6 OIL TRADERS • PRICES SOLD TO SMALL CUSTOMERS • AN IMPORT LEVY WAS IMPOSED TO PROTECT DOMESTIC REFINERIES. THIS WAS LATER FOLLOWED BY CHANGES IN OIL RESERVE REGULATIONS TO FURTHER INCREASE PROTECTION.

  13. MEASURES TO PROTECT DOMESTIC REFINERIES • DOMESTIC REFINERIES HAVE TO PAY “SPECIAL BENEFITS” TO THE GOVERNMENT • 2% OF GROSS REVENUE FOR ESSO, SHELL, CALTEX • 35% OF GROSS PROFIT FOR THAI OIL • NONE FOR BANGCHAK BUT BANGCHAK FACED OTHER DISADVANTAGES • REMOVAL OF “SPECIAL BENEFITS” IS POLITICALLY DIFFICULT SO PROTECTION WAS PROVIDED BY USING IMPORT TAX AND OIL RESERVE REGULATIONS

  14. MEASURES TO PROTECT DOMESTIC REFINERY (CONT) • IMPORT TAXES STANG/LITRE BEFORE DEREGULATION AFTER GASOLINE, DIESEL 1.0 6.5 KEROSENE FUEL OIL 0.1 1.0 • OIL RESERVE % OF VOLUME BEFORE DEREGULATION AFTER CRUDE OIL HELD 4% 5% BY REFINERIES LOCALLY REFINED FINISHED 3% 5% PRODUCTS HELD BY OIL TRADERS IMPORTED FINISHED PRODUCTS 3% 10% HELD BY OIL TRADERS

  15. PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM OIL PRICE DEREGULATION • CONSUMER PERCEPTION • MARKETING MARGIN TOO HIGH • RETAIL PRICE INELASTIC IN DOWNWARD DIRECTION • PRICE COLLUSION BY OIL COMPANIES • COLLUSION BY PETROL STATIONS IN CERTAIN REMOTE AREAS • RETAIL PRICE DOWNWARD MOVEMENT SLOW BUT ADJUST UPWARD QUICKLY • SOME PETROL STATIONS DO NOT POST PUMP PRICES

  16. GOVERNMENT CONTROLS IN CURRENT SYSTEM • IN PRINCIPLE, SHOULD FULLY DEREGULATE BUT IN TRANSITION PERIOD CERTAIN CONTROLS ARE STILL NECESSARY • EXISTING CONTROLS • OIL TRADERS ARE STILL ENCOURAGED TO DETERMINE PRICES AT THEIR SERVICE STATIONS • NEPO STILL ISSUES “TRANSPORT COST ACCOUNT” AS GUIDELINES FOR OIL COMPANIES TO DETERMINE PRICES IN EACH DISTRICT • NEPO AND INTERNAL TRADE DEPARTMENT CLOSELY MONITOR PRICES AND MARKET CONDITION • WARNING ISSUED FROM TIME TO TIME FOR OIL TRADERS TO REDUCE MARKETING MARGIN

  17. CHANGES IN OIL MARKET AFTER DEREGULATION • INITIALLY MARKETING MARGIN MORE THAN DOUBLED BUT REFINING MARGIN DECLINED SUBSTANTIALLY. MARKETING + REFINING MARGIN ADJUSTED FOR CHANGES IN PRODUCT SPECIFICATION HARDLY ROSE. • NUMBERS OF OIL TRADERS AND SERVICE STATIONS HAVE SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASED. • DISTRICTS WITH NO SERVICES STATIONS HAVE SUBSTANTIALLY DECLINED. REMOTE AREAS ARE SERVED BY A NEW BREED OF SMALL SCALE SERVICE STATIONS. • REDUCTION IN COLLUSION IN REMOTE AREAS. • REFINING CAPACITY RISES SUBSTANTIALLY AND SURPLUS CAPACITY BEGAN TO EMERGE IN 1996.

  18. CHANGES IN OIL MARKET AFTER DEREGULATION (CONT) • COMPETITION IN OIL MARKET INTENSIFIES PARTICULARLY AS OIL COMPANIES WERE CARVING UP MARKET SHARE BEFORE SURPLUS DEVELOPS IN 1996. • IMPROVEMENT IN QUALITY OF SERVICE. • GREATLY FACILITATE IMPROVEMENT IN OIL QUALITY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.

  19. OIL MARKET SINCE 1999 • INTENSE COMPETITION IN OIL MARKET DUE TO • SURPLUS REFINING CAPACITY • LARGE NUMBER OF TRADERS AND SERVICE STATIONS • CONSUMER SENSITIVITY TO PRICE DIFFERENTIALS • SURPLUS REFINING CAPACITY IN GASOLINE AND DIESEL HAS EXERTED PRESSURE ON EX-REFINERY PRICE TO SHIFT FROM “FOB SINGAPORE + TRANSPORT COST” TO “FOB SINGAPORE - TRANSPORT COST” • BRAND LOYALTY IS DISAPPEARING RAPIDLY AS CONSUMERS REGARD OIL SOLD BY ALL TRADERS AS THE SAME COMMODITY. PRICE BECOMES THE BIGGEST FACTOR INFLUENCING CONSUMER CHOICE FOLLOWED BY SERVICE QUALITY • A 0.10 BAHT/LITRE DIFFERENTIAL COULD LEAD TO CHANGE IN VOLUME BY 10% • LARGE INCREASE IN NUMBER OF SERVICE STATIONS TOGETHER WITH DECLINE IN DEMAND RESULTING FROM ECONOMIC RECESSION HAS CAUSED THROUGHPUT VOLUME PER SERVICE STATION TO FALL SUBSTANTIALLY

  20. OIL MARKET SINCE 1999 (CON’T) • CHARACTERISTIC OF OIL MARKET SINCE 1999 • INITIAL SHARP DROP IN MARKETING MARGIN IN 1999 FOLLOWED BY STABILIZATION • RAPID DOWNWARD PRICE ADJUSTMENT BUT SLOW UPWARD ADJUSTMENT • PUMP PRICES ARE THE SAME FOR ALL MAJOR BRANDS • PRICE WAR PREVALENT THROUGH OUT THE COUNTRY, INITIALLY PRICE WAR WOULD BE STARTED BY MINOR BRANDS BUT NOW MAJOR BRANDS ALSO START PRICE WARS. • FURTHER IMPROVEMENT IN SERVICE QUALITY • IMPLEMENTATION OF DRASTIC COST REDUCTION PROGRAM BY OIL COMPANIES • UNPROFITABLE SERVICE STATIONS CLOSING DOWN

  21. PRICE STRUCTURE OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS(OCTOBER 4,2002) UNIT : BAHT/LITRE GASOLINE UNLEADED HIGH SPEED 95 RON 91 RON DIESEL EX-REFINERY 8.9218 8.3958 9.1509 EXCISE TAX 3.6850 3.6850 2.3050 MUNICIPAL TAX 0.3685 0.3685 0.2305 OIL FUND 0.5000 0.3000 0.5000 ENCON FUND 0.0400 0.0400 0.0400 VAT 0.9461 0.8952 0.8559 WHOLESALE PRICE 14.4614 13.6845 13.0823 MARKETING MARGIN 1.7090 1.5005 1.1287 VAT 0.1196 0.1050 0.0790 RETAIL PRICE 16.29 15.29 14.29 (BKK)

  22. NUMBER OF SERVICE STATIONS NUMBER OF SERVICE STATIONS

  23. NOTE : 1993 WAS ROYAL DECREE ANNOUNCING THE ESTABLISHING NEW PROVINCES, RESULTING IN A LARGER NUMBER OF DISTRICTS

  24. MARKET SHARES NUMBER OF GAS STATIONS COMPANY 2002 (7 MTHS.) 1991 1994 1997 1991 1994 1997 2002 (Q2) 1. PTT 2. SHELL 3. ESSO 4. CALTEX 5. BCP 6.-29. OTHERS 34% 22% 23% 11% 3% 8% 36% 19% 19% 9% 4% 12% 36% 15% 16% 9% 6% 18% 30% 15% 13% 9% 8% 25% 967 896 711 513 23 375 1,290 991 811 589 659 1,425 1,498 1,040 871 598 1,187 7,014 1,414 690 682 514 1,073 12,333 TOTAL 100% 100% 100% 100% 3,475 5,765 12,208 16,706

  25. REFINING & MARKETTING MARGIN(Before and after Deregulation) ULG HSD

  26. PRICE STRUCTURE COMPARISONBetween Price Control and No Price Control Cases (OCTOBER 4, 2002 ) ULG HSD

  27. DEMAND-SUPPLY BALANCE FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN 2001 UNIT: M.LITRES DEMAND DOMESTIC PRODUCTION NET IMPORT (EXPORT) • GASOLINE • PREMIUM UNLEADED • REGULAR UNLEADED • KEROSENE • JET FUEL • DIESEL • HIGH SPEED (0.05%S) • LOW SPEED (0.05%S) • FUEL OIL 8,327 4,196 4,131 587 4,237 16,667 16.559 108 6,466 (1,336) (1,098) (239) (395) (484.3) (1,325) (1,3321) (4) (1,504) 6,857 3,001 3,856 57 3,717 15,226 15,121 105 4,564

  28. Petroleum Products Demand & Supply Balance KBD

  29. IMPORT & EXPORT OF GASOLINE 1995- 2002 (Q3) IMPORT EXPORT

  30. IMPORT & EXPORT OF DIESEL 1995-2002 (Q3) IMPORT EXPORT

  31. IMPORT & EXPORT OF FUEL OIL 1995-2002(Q3) IMPORT EXPORT

  32. DEREGULATION OF LPG MARKET & PRICES • LPG IS THE LAST PRODUCT TO BE DEREGULATED DUE TO COMPLEXITY OF CONTROLS AND ILLEGAL BUSINESS PRACTICES RESULTED FROM PRICE CONTROLS • LPG PRICES WERE CONTROLLED IN THE SAME WAY AS OTHER OIL PRODUCTS BUT IN 1986 UNIFORM PRICING SYSTEM WAS INTRODUCED. DISMANTLING THIS SYSTEM TURNED OUT TO BE EXTREMELY COMPLICATED • THE CONTROLS ALSO LED TO NUMEROUS ILLEGAL BUSINESS AND UNSAFE PRACTICES AS WELL AS CREATING UNEQUAL LEVEL PLAYING FIELDS AMONG TRADERS. SINCE 2000 OIL FUND ALSO HAD TO HEAVILY SUBSIDISE LPG PRICES.

  33. LPG DEMAND-SUPPLY BALANCE 2001 unit : MTON PRODUCTION 3,183 • PTT GSP 1,429 • SHELL GSP 110 • REFINERIES 1,480 • OTHERS 164 DEMAND 2,400 • COOKING 1,430 • INDUSTRY 335 • AUTOMOBILE 254 • FEEDSTOCK 381 EXPORT 758

  34. MARKET SHARES OF MAJOR LPG TRADERS IN THAILAND (%)

  35. PRICE CONTROLS BEFORE DEREGULATION • EX-REFINERY/IMPORT PRICES WERE INITIALLY DETERMINED BY CIF PRICE OF SINGAPORE POSTING AND/OR CONTRACTED PRICE OF SAUDI ARABIA (CP). ONCE THAILAND BECAME A NET EXPORTER OF LPG PRICES WERE BASED (SOMETIMES ) ON EXPORT PARITY • OIL FUND LEVY IS USED TO STABILIZE RETAIL PRICE • “UNIFORM PRICE” INTRODUCED IN 1986: WHOLESALE PRICES AT PTT’S 5 DEPOTS THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY WERE THE SAME THROUGH SUBSIDY FROM OIL FUND FOR “STORAGE COST” AT DEPOT AND “TRANSPORT COST” FROM SRIRACHA (SITE OF PTT’S MAIN LPG TERMINAL) • PRICES AT OTHER LOCATIONS WERE MARKED UP BY TRANSPORT COST FROM NEAREST MAJOR DISTRIBUTION CENTRES

  36. STRUCTURE OF LPG SUBSIDIZATION Refineries & Gas Sep. Plants Pay subsidy for world price change Pay subsidy for transportation cost PTT Up-Country Depots (Same wholesale price) Retail Prices in Depot Provinces (Same retail prices) No subsidy for transportation cost Retail Prices in Other Provinces (Different retail prices)

  37. PRICES CONTROLS BEFORE DEREGULATION (CONT) • BEFORE 1991 SUBSIDY LEVY WERE DIFFERENT FOR DIFFERENT USES IN ORDER TO HELP LOW INCOME HOUSEHOLDS • SMALL CYLINDER LPG (13-15 kg) • LARGE CYLINDER LPG (48-50 kg) • AUTOMOTIVE AND INDUSTRIAL USES • THIS LED TO A NUMBER OF PROBLEMS • ILLEGAL TRANSFER OF LPG FROM SMALL CYLINDERS TO LARGE CYLINDERS AND AUTOMOTIVE USES CAUSING FIRE HAZARD • ILLEGAL REQUEST FOR SUBSIDY FROM OIL FUND

  38. INITIAL ATTEMPT TO DEREGULATE LPG PRICE • THE GOVERNMENT ATTEMPTED TO DEREGULATE LPG PRICE ROUGHLY AT THE SAME TIME AS OTHER OIL PRODUCTS BUT DID NOT HAVE TIME TO COMPLETE • TO CREATE COMPETITION IMPORT CONTROL ON LPG WAS LIBERALIZED • DIFFERENCES IN SUBSIDIES FOR DIFFERENT USES WERE ABOLISHED : SAME SUBSIDY /LEVY IRREFFECTIVE OF USE • RETAIL PRICE CONTROL WAS LIFTED IN 1991 FOR AUTOMOTIVE AND INDUSTRIAL LPG

  39. PROBLEMS FROM LPG PRICE CONTROLS • POLITICALLY DIFFICULT TO ADJUST RETAIL PRICE INLINE WITH WORLD PRICE LEADING TO INEFFICIENT USE, SUBSTITUTION OF LPG IN GASOLINE ENGINES, HEAVY SUBSIDY FROM OIL FUND AND ILLEGAL EXPORT. HEAVY SUBSIDY FROM OIL FUND WAS PARTLY RESOLVED BY INCREASING LEVY ON GASOLINE AND DIESEL, THEREBY FURTHER CREATING DISTORTION. • MARKETING MARGIN WAS KEPT CONSTANT FOR MANY YEARS FORCING TRADERS TO RESORT TO ILLEGAL PRACTICES OR LEAVE THE MARKET • “UNIFORM PRICING” CREATED UNFAIR ADVANTAGE TO PTT, FURTHER FORCING OTHER TRADERS TO RESORT TO ILLEGAL PRACTICES AND DISCOURAGING NEW INVESTMENT AND NEW ENTRANTS.

  40. ILLEGAL BUSINESS PRACTICES • CROSS FILLING AND TRADERS’ REFUSAL TO INSPECT AND REPAIR THEIR OWN CYLINDERS DUE TO CROSS FILLINGS • “WHITE CYLINDER” : CYLINDERS NOT BELONGING TO ARTICLE 7 TRADERS AND NOT SUBJECT TO REGULAR MAINTENANCE • OVERCHARGED CYLINDER DEPOSIT • UNDERWEIGHT FILLING VOLUME

  41. STRATEGIES IN LPG PRICE DEREGULATION • PRICE DEREGULATION MUST BE ACCOMPANIED BY MEASURES TO ENCOURAGE COMPETITION AND ELIMINATION OF ILLEGAL AND UNFAIR BUSINESS PRACTICES IN ORDER TO ENCOURAGE FREE AND FAIR COMPETITION AS WELL AS BRING SAFETY LEVELS UP TO STANDARDS • TO ACHIEVE ABOVE GOAL DURING THE PAST 4 YEARS THE GOVERNMENT HAS GRADUALLY • REDUCED UNIFORM PRICING WITH OBJECTIVE OF FINALLY ABOLISHING IT AND CREATE COMPETITION • INCREASED MARKETING MARGIN • REDUCED SUBSIDY BY OIL FUND BY ADJUSTING RETAIL PRICES • COMMENCED PROCESS OF PRICE DEREGULATION • INTRODUCED MARKET REFORM

  42. PHASING OUT OF UNIFORM PRICING • INITIALLY GOVERNMENT ABOLISHED SUBSIDY OF ‘STORAGE COST’ FOR LPG TERMINAL • IMPORT CONTROL ABOLISHED • THIRD PARTY ACCESS FOR USE OF PTT’S LPG DEPOT • ALLOW LPG TO BE SOLD AT SERVICE STATION • REDUCE MINIMUM REQUIREMENT FOR BECOMING ARTICLE 7 LPG TRADER (FROM MINIMUM VOLUME OF 100,000 TONS/YEAR TO 50,000 TONS/YEAR)

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