1 / 55

Reproduction & Embryology

Reproduction & Embryology. Advantage of Sexual Reproduction. Adds variety. Spermatogenesis. Occurs in testes Prompted by testosterone Creates 4 cells. Sperm. Oogenesis. Ovaries make eggs Fallopian tubes or oviducts are the sight of fertilization Uterus houses the growing baby.

aaron-martinez
Download Presentation

Reproduction & Embryology

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Reproduction & Embryology

  2. Advantage of Sexual Reproduction • Adds variety

  3. Spermatogenesis • Occurs in testes • Prompted by testosterone • Creates 4 cells

  4. Sperm

  5. Oogenesis • Ovaries make eggs • Fallopian tubes or oviducts are the sight of fertilization • Uterus houses the growing baby

  6. Oogenesis • Occurs in ovaries • Born with a finite number of primary oocytes • Creates 1 egg and 3 polar bodies

  7. Timeline

  8. Fertilization • The sperm approaches the egg • The sperms acrosome opens and the enzymes eat away at the egg • Proteins on the sperm bind with proteins on the egg • The cell membranes of the sperm and egg fuse • The sperms nucleus enters the egg / A fertilization envelop forms, blocking out additional sperm (can be in either order happen at the same time) • The nuclei of the sperm and egg fuse, creating the zygote

  9. Alternative forms of fertilization Video on IVF & ICSI

  10. Karyotyping • How many chromosomes are in a healthy male? •  How many pairs are in a healthy male? •  How many of those pairs are homologous?

  11. Karyotyping & Disease • A • 46 • Male • Healthy

  12. Karyotyping & Disease • B • Female • 46 • Healthy

  13. Karyotyping & Disease • C • Male • 47 • Klinefelters

  14. Karyotyping & Disease • D • Female • 45 • Turners

  15. Karyotyping & Disease • E • Female • 47 • Downs Syndrome

  16. Karyotyping • Down syndrome results in what chromosomal mutation? • In what PAIR of chromosomes do most chromosomal mutations occur? • Many chromosomal mutations are caused by nondisjunction. Use the internet or your text to answer: What is nondisjunction?

  17. Nondisjunction • Failure of chromosomes to separate during: • Anaphase 1 • Anaphase 2

  18. Gestation • Gestation is the period of time in an individual’s development from fertilization to birth.

  19. Gestation – week 1 Cleavage – cell cycle without growth Solid ball of cells Fertilized egg Hollow ball of cells AKA: blastula Implantation (blastula implants in the endometrium of the uterus)

  20. STEM CELLS

  21. What is a stem cell? • What is a stem cell and how does it get its name? • What does differentiate mean?

  22. What are the different types of stem cells? • Early Embryonic Stem Cells • morula or younger • totipotent • Blastocyst Embryonic Stem Cells • inner cell mass of blastula • Pluripotent • Fetal Stem Cells • Pluripotent • Umbilical Cord Stem Cells • Multipotent • Adult Stem Cells • Multipotent

  23. The University of Kansas

  24. The University of Kansas

  25. Where do we get human embryos? Donated embryos from fertility clinics Therapeutic Cloning http://www.sumanasinc.com/scienceinfocus/stemcells/stemcells.html

  26. ScienceNow – Stem Cell Primer (15:00) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3209/04.html Videos on Stem Cell Therapies Cerebral Palsy Disease Treatment using Cord Blood Stem Cells (5:00) http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=3924774n%3fsource=search_video Breakthrough: Alternative to Embryonic Cells, reprogramming Skin Cells (2:30) http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=3529039n%3fsource=search_video Organ Regeneration using adult stem cells (2:20) http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=2174471n%3fsource=search_video

  27. CLONING & STEM CELLS • 3 Types of cloning: • DNA cloning – just copying pieces of DNA • Used in forensics could be used in gene therapy or engineering • Reproductive cloning – copying an entire organism (Like Dolly the sheep) • Used to bring back pets, endangered species • Therapeutic cloning – copying cells, tissues or organs • Used to create therapies • AKA – stem cell research

  28. CLONING & STEM CELLS • Stem Cell Research • As an organism develops its cells take on a genetic destiny. Because of this the later in life you harvest stem cells the less potential they have. • Totipotent • Pluripotent • Multipotent • Current therapies are in place using multipotent stem cells but not totipotent.

  29. Gestation • Gestation is the period of time in an individual’s development from fertilization to birth.

  30. Gestation – week 1 Cleavage – cell cycle without growth Solid ball of cells Fertilized egg Hollow ball of cells AKA: blastula Implantation (blastula implants in the endometrium of the uterus)

  31. Gestation • Did you get this from the movie too… • Cleavage = division without growth • Morula is solid while blastula is hollow • Implantation occurs at day 7 in endometrium of uterus

  32. Formation of Twins • There are two major types of twins: • Fraternal Twins • Result from two eggs and two sperm • Dizygotic twins • Identical Twins • Result from one egg and one sperm • Monozygotic twins

  33. Gestation • Let’s continue onward through gestation and watch the Embryo Take Shape…

  34. Gastrulation • Gastrulation – • Cell movement and differentiation • Results in a gastrula • A gastrula is a hollow ball with 3 distinct germ layers.

  35. Gastrula

  36. Gastrulation

  37. Gestation • Did you get this from the movie too… • Nervous system is the first to form! • Heart is the first organ to function!

  38. Gestation • Moving on, let’s see how the chromosomes we inherit sculpt who we become in Messages In Our Genes…

  39. Gestation • Boys vs Girls! • Boys = XY • Girls = XX • SRY gene is on the y chromosome and is activated at 6 weeks. It causes testosterone to be made resulting in testes (male)

  40. Embryo Or Fetus? • What’s the difference between an embryo and a fetus?

  41. Gestation • Now that we have seen a little about how the embryo forms into the fetus, let’s examine how it interacts with the mother in Feeding the Growing Fetus…

  42. How does the placenta work? • The placenta starts to form after implantation • The placenta allows the mother’s blood and the baby’s blood to come in very close contact so that they can exchange: • Food • Oxygen • Waste Products • The mother and baby’s blood DO NOT MIX!

  43. Placenta Formation

  44. The embryo & fetus’s life line… • There are three important embryonic membranes that will give rise to structures that will support it as it grows.

  45. First Trimester • Month 1 • Fertilization, Cleavage, Implantation, Gastrulation • HCG (hormone) is produced signaling pregnancy • Month 2 & Month 3 • Nervous system is the first organ system to form. • Heart develops and is the first organ to begin working. • All other organ systems begin to form. • Placenta forms and the umbilical cord connects mother and embryo.

More Related