Do Now

1. Do Now • What is the major function of the respiratory system? Major Organs? • What is the relationship between the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system?

2. Chapter 13 Respiratory System

3. The trillions of cells in our body require an abundant and continuous supply of oxygen to carry out their vital functions.

4. The cardiovascular system and the respiratory system share the responsibility for supplying the body with oxygen and disposing of carbon dioxide.

5. The respiratory system organs oversee the gas exchanges that occur between the blood and the external environment.

6. Transportation of gases is carried out by the cardiovascular system.

7. Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System

8. Organs of the Respiratory system • Nose • Pharynx • Larynx • Trachea • Bronchi and their smaller branches • Lungs • BLT  PLT

11. The lungs contain the alveoli which are terminal air sacs. • Gas exchange only occurs in the alveoli. • Therefore all other organs of the respiratory system are conducting passageways that allow air to reach the lungs.

12. The Organs of the Respiratory System

14. Functions of the Conducting Passageways • Allows air to reach the lungs

16. 1. Nose • Air enters through the nostrils or external nares. • The nose contains two nasal cavities. • Special ciliated cells in the upper reaches of the nasal cavity act as odor receptors.

17. Tear glands drain into the nasal cavity. • The palate separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity. • Function – filter, warm and moisten the air

18. 2. Pharynx • The pharynx is a muscular passageway commonly called the throat. • It is a common passageway for food and air. • The pharynx in superior to the larynx and trachea. • Tonsils are located in the pharynx.

19. 3. Larynx • The larynx is also known as the voicebox. • Function of the larynx: sound production • The epiglottis: a flap of tissue that prevents food from passing into the larynx

20. Parts of the larynx form folds called the vocal folds or the true vocal cords which: vibrate with expelled air giving us the ability to speak • Glottis – opening to the larynx – epiglottis covers

21. 4. Trachea • The trachea is also known as the windpipe • The trachea is lined with cilia. The cilia beat in the direction opposite of the incoming air.

22. They propel mucus: loaded with dust particles and other debris, away from the lungs to the throat where it can be swallowed or spat out

23. The trachea is rigid because it has C shaped cartilaginous rings • Tracheotomy – when as incision is made in the trachea to allow air to pass around a blockage

25. 5. Bronchi • The trachea divides into the right and left primary bronchi • The bronchi laid into the lungs • The bronchi branch into a great number of smaller passageways known bronchioles

26. During an asthma attack: • Smooth muscle lining the bronchioles constricts and movement of air through the narrowed tubes results in the characteristic wheezing

27. By the time air has reached the bronchi it is: • Warm • Cleansed of most impurities • Well humidified

28. 6. Lungs • The paired lungs are fairly large organs • They occupy almost the entire thoracic cavity • The primary bronchi go into the lungs where they subdivide into smaller and smaller branches (secondary and tertiary bronchi). They finally end in the smallest of the conducting passageways the bronchioles.

31. The bronchioles end in alveoli or air sacs. • The alveoli make up the respiratory zone • The lungs are cone-shaped organs. The right lung has three lobes and the left lung has 2 lobes. The left lung has 2 since the heart is on that side and takes up some of the space.

32. Capillary Network Diagram

33. Each alveolar sac is made up of simplesquamous epithelium surrounded by blood capillaries. Gas exchange occurs in the capillaries. • This layer of tissue and the capillary net create the respiratory membrane(air/blood barrier). Air flows by one side and blood flows by on the other side. Gas exchange occurs by simple diffusion.

35. There are approximately 300 million (alveoli). Their surface area is at least 40X that of the skin. • The lungs are mostly air spaces so they are light and usually float in water – soft and spongy • Macrophages (WBC) wander in and out of the alveoli picking up bacteria, carbon particles and other debris.

36. Mechanisms of Breathing • Respiration: the complete process of supplying oxygen to body cells for aerobic cellular respiration and the reverse process of ridding the body of oxygen

37. Respiration includes the following components:

38. 1. Breathing • Inspiration – entrance of air into the lungs • Expiration – exit of air from the lungs

39. 2. External Respiration • Exchange of the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood • Occurs in the lungs

40. 3. Internal Respiration • Exchange of the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and tissue fluid • Occurs in the body cells

41. 4. Cellular Respiration • Production of ATP in cells

42. Mechanics of Breathing

43. Breathing is a completely mechanical process that depends on volume changes occurring in the thoracic cavity • Volume changes lead to pressure changes, which lead to the flow of gases to equalize the pressure

44. Ventilation • The manner in which air enters and exits the lungs

45. To understand ventilation it is necessary to: • There is a continuous column of air from the pharynx to the alveoli of the lungs • The lungs lie within the sealed-off thoracic cavity. The rib cage forms the top and sides. The diaphragm forms the floor of the thoracic cavity.

46. 3. The lungs are enclosed by 2 serous membranes called pleural membranes. One layer is attached to the rib cage and diaphragm and the other layer is attached to the lungs. The two layers are very close and are only separated by a little fluid. The pressure in the pleural space is lower than atmospheric pressure.

47. Inspiration is Active • Inspiration is triggered by the respiratory center. Impulses are sent by way of the nerves to the diaphragm and the muscles of the rib cage known as intercoastals.

48. When relaxed the diaphragm is domed shaped but when it contracts it lowers.

49. Nerves also stimulate the intercostal muscles to contract causing the rib cage to move upward and outward

50. When the diaphragm contracts and the rib cage moves up and out, the thoracic cavity increases in size. This causes the lungs to expand and air to move in from the nose or mouth.