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Understand the driving forces behind 19th-century imperialism, including economic exploitation, European nationalism, and cultural ideologies. Explore the positive and negative impacts, forms of control, and the infamous "White Man’s Burden" concept.
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Imperialism • Imperialism is the seizure of a country or territory by stronger country (economically, politically, and socially)
Driving Forces of Imperialism during this time • 1) The Industrial Revolution was one major factor. The IR required a lot of natural resources and markets to sell their merchandise. • 2) Social Darwinism and racism (the belief that one race is superior to others) were also leading factors. This said that non-Europeans were inferior and Europeans had the right and duty to bring the results of their progress upon those countries. • 3) Missionaries wanted to spread Christianity and "civilize" and "westernize" Africa as well as Asia and the Pacific Islands • 4) Weapon Superiority: Africans have spears and other primitive weapons, Europeans have rifles and the Maxim machine gun. 5) African disunity: Too many languages, fights between groups, different cultures, past history of wars between each other6) Transportation: Before, Europeans couldn't get far into the land but now with railroads, cables, steamships and the invention of steam engines, this was possible. 7) Perfection of quinine, a drug that protects from malaria, also encouraged traveling deeper into Africa.
I. Motives for European Imperialism: • 1.Economic exploitation [raw materials--rubber, tin, and oil not found in western nations; cotton, palm oil, ivory, cocoa, coffee, hides Aggressive nationalism (win glory for the nation) • 2.Humanitarian concern for others: Some believed that the extension of empire, law, order, and industrial civilization would raise "backward peoples" up the ladder of evolution and civilization. An example would be the concept of “White Man’s Burden”; that is, it was the duty of European Christians to civilize the savages of the world. • A desire for adventure (an interest is exotic places): Individuals and nations competed to find the highest mountains, the longest river, the highest waterfall, the land never before see by white men! Adventure!
Forms of Control • Protectorate – Local rulers left in place but they had to follow the advice of European advisors on issues such as trade. It has internal government but under control of outside power. • Sphere of influence - outside power claims exclusive investment and trading privileges • Economic Imperialism - Independent but less-developed country controlled by individual companies.
Positive and Negative Effects • Mostly Negative:1) Loss of land2) Deaths by new diseases i.e. smallpox3) Deaths through unsuccessful resistance4) Breakdown of cultures5) Worst: Division of Africa, separation of tribes, combining of long time-rivals. • Positive: 1)Reduced Local Warfare2) Better Sanitation and More Hospitals and Schools (higher life expectancy)3) Somewhat communication (mostly for European uses)4) Africa valued on International Market
FYI • The most prominent reason for imperialism was to make as much money as possible and there were many ways of doing so through imperialism. One was to obtain raw resources from colonial resources like gold, spices, and valuable gems. Another way of making money through imperialism was by using the natives as a work force in factories and textiles. Gaining control of the people was key for imperialism. Keeping strategic land points so that power could be attained and held over the people was necessary. Lastly the desire to map out and explore uncharted land was another purpose for imperialism.
The White Man’s Burden • Analyze the poem on page 317. Suggest the author’s point of view.
The White Man’s Burden • This view proposes that white people consequently have an obligation to rule over, and encourage the cultural development of, people from other ethnic and cultural backgrounds until they can take their place in the world by fully adopting Western ways. The term "the white man's burden" can be interpreted simply as racist. The rich have a moral duty and obligation to help "the poor" "better" themselves whether the poor want the help or not.
This 1890s advertisement for soap uses the theme of the White Man's Burden, encouraging white people to teach cleanliness This 1890s advertisement for soap uses the theme of the White Man's Burden, encouraging white people to teach cleanliness
Africa • The most rapid European expansion took place in Africa. European nations will have claimed all of Africa except
South Africa • South Africa • "Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902), went to South Africa in 1870 and made a fortune in diamonds, and gold, dreamed of expanding the British Empire. ‘The British,’ he declared, ‘are the finest race in the world and the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race.’ Rhodes was responsible for acquiring Rhodesia [which he named for himself], a sizable and wealthy territory, for Britain. “By the 1880s, British policy in South Africa was largely determined by Cecil Rhodes” . • A Zulu chief, Shaka, used highly disciplined warriors and a good military organization to create a large centralized state. However, his successors were unsuccessful in battling away the British.
European possessions in Africa consisted of some forts and trading posts along the coast and a few tiny colonies. Africa was divided up among the Europeans. For the next 50 years decisions affecting Africa and its people were made not in Africa, but in London, Paris, Lisbon and other European capitals. France acquired a huge empire in North and West Africa. By 1914 there were two independent countries left in Africa-Liberia and Ethiopia.
IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA • IMPERIALISM IN AFRICAAs the world approached the 20th century, several powers grew desperate for more land and more control. In the 1870s, the Belgian King Leopold sent emissaries to establish trade with native Africans in the Congo. This single act began a flurry of imperialistic activity as the other nations of Europe, including: France, Great Britain, Germany, Spain, Germany, Italy, and Portugal. This immediate fight for land is known as... • THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA!
Nigeria • Britain takes Nigeria through diplomatic and military. If agreed to British control, good job. If not, bad boy British attack you. Done by Royal Niger Company, takes over palm-oil trade on Niger River. Soon takes Nigeria as a colony. Niger was very culturally dense containing 250 ethnic groups
Results of European imperialism: • The Westernization of non-Europeans • Resistance to Westernization • European interference into the affairs of a non-European areas. • The rise of nationalism in some peoples • The exchange of technology, culture, and values between Europe and the rest of the world.
