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Geography102

Geography102. Ptolemy’s First World Map, c. AD 150. What is Geography?. Geography is a representation of the whole known world together with the phenomena which are contained therein. Ptolemy, Geographia 2nd Century A.D.

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Geography102

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  1. Geography102 Ptolemy’s First World Map, c. AD 150

  2. What is Geography? Geography is a representation of the whole known world together with the phenomena which are contained therein. Ptolemy, Geographia 2nd Century A.D. Geography is the science of place. Its vision is grand, its view panoramic. It sweeps the surface of the Earth, charting the physical, organic and cultural terrain, their areal differentiation, and their ecological dynamics with humankind. Its foremost tool is the map. Leonard Krishtalka, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 20th Century A.D.

  3. What is Geography? Geography is the study of what is where and why it’s there. Mike Reed

  4. Okay, but what exactly is it? Well, it’s a way of thinking about intellectual problems, both natural and societal, which emphasizes the importance of spatial relationships.. Take any social, environmental, or physical question or problem and ask yourself whether there is a spatial aspect to it. Chances are that space and place play a role in the explanation and distribution of that question. Mike Reed, Making It Up As I Go For example: Why are so many plant and animal species becoming extinct at the end of the twentieth century? Why do there always seem to be been so many wars in Africa? Why is corn such an important part of a traditional Mexican diet? Why are some beers known as India Pale Ales?

  5. Divisions of Geography • Physical Geography Human Geography • Rocks and Minerals Population • Landforms Settlements • Soils Economic Activities • Animals Transportation • Plants Recreational Activities • Water Religion • Atmosphere Political Systems • Rivers and Other Water Bodies Social Traditions • Environment Human Migration • Climate and Weather Agricultural Systems • Geography is a bridge between the natural and social sciences. Geography is a holistic or synthesizing science.

  6. The Five Themes of Geography

  7. The Geography of Breakfasta geographic thinking demonstration Take a minute to write down everything ate for breakfast or lunch today.

  8. COFFEE  Top Ten Coffee Growing Countries

  9. CHOCOLATE Chocolate was “discovered” for Europe by Christopher Columbus, but it’s commercial possibilities were recognized by Hernan Cortez who was served a drink made from cocoa beans by Moctezuma, leader of the Aztecs (whom he later executed). The cacao tree, like coffee, grows only in the tropics. Today it is grown primarily for export to the U.S. and Europe.

  10. Breakfast Foods Food Place of Origin Current Production coffee Ethiopia Tropics oranges South Asia, India US, Mediterranean pork China, South Asia Worldwide wheat Near East US, Russia, Argentina tea China Asia oats Near East Temperate Climates pepper South America Americas, Asia

  11. Definition of Cultural Geography History of the Discipline Fundamental Concepts Introduction to Cultural Geography

  12. What is CULTURE? What are its elements? How is it transferred? How has the meaning of the word changed over time?

  13. What is CULTURE? • Culture is learned behavior that is passed on by imitation, instruction, and example. • Culture is almost entirely relative. Proper behavior shifts from culture to culture. • U.S. current problems: 1) little shared culture2) no one is teaching culture. • For example: sex education - Home? School? • Note: experiencing another culture is useful for gaining perspective on your own. • Candidate for harshest punishment in history? Banishment in so-called “primitive” cultures.

  14. Geographic Importance of Culture • Geographers study culture because it leaves dramatic imprints on the earth, both physical and cultural. • Language: a crystal ball into culture. • Religion: strongest determinant of ethics. • Nationalism and Borders • Material Culture: tools, clothes, toys, etc. • Architecture: Suburban garages vs. earlier porches

  15. Key Concepts • REGION - an area that shares common characteristics • Formal - all members legally share a characteristic (U.S.A.) • Functional - defined by a node of activity and distance decay from center (i.e. cell phone coverage) • Vernacular – common perception of cultural identity (“Deep South”)

  16. Functional Regions

  17. Functional Regions

  18. Vernacular Regions

  19. Where is AIDs? • Where do we find hunger? • Where are American blacks? • Where are cows produced?

  20. Describing Distributions

  21. Describing Distributions

  22. Diffusion • Relocation • Hierarchical • Contagious • Stimulus

  23. Tobler’s 1st Law of Geography • All things are related. However, all other things being equal, those things that are closest together are more related. • Related Concepts: • Distance Decay

  24. Space • Latitude and Longitude - a reference system designed to provide “absolute” location (as opposed to relative locations). • Parallels of Latitude • Meridians of Longitude • Glendale College is located at 34 10 03 N 118 13 41 W

  25. Place and Sense of Place • Every place is unique. Imagine where you lived as a child. What made that special? • Sensory • Architecture • Symbolic • Humanistic Geography - values the individual perspective. • Place and Placelessness (Relph, 1978)

  26. What kinds of cultural values are reflected in each of these American houses? Gated community?

  27. The Cultural Landscape • The result of the natural environment and all of the changes to it as a result of a particular culture. (Carl Sauer) • Environmental Determinism: environment is primary determinant of culture. • Possibilism: humans are primary determinant of culture.

  28. N.Y.C. Environmentally Determined?

  29. What about Bali, Indonesia?

  30. Where are we? What values are reflected in each? What relation to physical environment?

  31. Timber House, Switzerland Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey Yurt on Mongolian Steppe Suburban Home, Chicago

  32. Ties to Military Role in Colonization Role in Imperialism Role in Cold War Ethnocentrism Masculinism Geography and Politics • Foreign - 4) Situated in an abnormal or improper place. 5) Not natural: alien. • The American Heritage Dictionary

  33. Key Concepts:Core-Periphery

  34. Core U.S., Europe, Japan, Australia Wealthy Powerful Controls Media and Finance Technologically advanced Periphery Less Developed Poor Dependent upon Core countries for: Education Technology Media Military Equipment Key Concepts:Core-Periphery

  35. Globalization • The increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic, political, and cultural change. The economic, cultural, and environmental effects of globalization are highly contested. Panama, 1997

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