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Understanding Motivation: The Fuel Behind Human Behavior

Explore motivational theories like Instinct Theory, Drive Reduction Theory, and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Delve into hunger, sexual motivation, and the need to belong, uncovering the psychological and physiological factors that drive human behavior.

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Understanding Motivation: The Fuel Behind Human Behavior

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  1. Unit Overview • Motivational Theories • Hunger • Sexual Motivation • The Need to Belong

  2. Motivation • A need or desire that energizes & directs behavior • Instinct Theory • Drive-Reduction Theory • Arousal Theory • Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

  3. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VK0GlKtrKV8 AronRolston http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AyRu7k70Jhc What’s Your Sentence? Unit 8A:Motivation and Emotion: Motivation

  4. Instinct Theory (Evolutionary Psychology) genetic predispositions • Instinct • we are motivated by our instinctual behavior patterns • complex, unlearned & fixed behavior common to species • tends to NAME rather than EXPLAIN behavior

  5. Drive Reduction Theory • A physiological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce the need. • the drive (aroused state) is a result of a need • a need is a physiological state that triggers motivational arousal • the aim of drive-reduction is HOMEOSTASIS • maintenance of a steady internal state

  6. Drives and Incentives • Incentive • positive or negative environmental stimuli that motivates behavior • the role of learning in motivation is most closely associated w/ incentives… • incentives depend on personal & cultural experience • need + incentive= strongly driven.

  7. human motivation does not aim to eliminate arousal but rather to seek optimum level

  8. Hierarchy of NeedsAbraham Maslow • Maslow’s hierarchy of needs • Variations in the hierarchy

  9. A Hierarchy of Motives

  10. A Hierarchy of Motives

  11. A Hierarchy of Motives

  12. A Hierarchy of Motives

  13. A Hierarchy of Motives

  14. A Hierarchy of Motives

  15. A Hierarchy of Motives

  16. Unit 8A:Motivation and Emotion: Motivation

  17. “Without a firm idea of himself and the purpose of his life, man cannot live even if surrounded with bread.” --Dostoyevski

  18. Hunger

  19. The Physiology of Hunger • Contractions of the stomach • Washburn study

  20. The Physiology of HungerBody Chemistry and the Brain • Glucose • Insulin • Hypothalamus • Lateral hypothalamus • orexin • Vetromedial hypothalamus Stimulate vs. lesion Let’s Eat! tells body you are hungry So full I’ll Vomit! tells body you are full

  21. The Physiology of HungerBody Chemistry and the Brain • Appetite hormones • Ghrelin • Obestatin • PYY • Leptin • Set point • Basal metabolic rate

  22. The Psychology of HungerTaste Preferences: Biology and Culture • Taste preferences • Genetic: sweet and salty • Neophobia • Adaptive taste preferences

  23. The Psychology of HungerEating Disorders • Eating disorders • Anorexia nervosa • Bulimia nervosa • Binge-eating disorder

  24. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

  25. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

  26. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

  27. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

  28. Obesity

  29. Obesity and Weight ControlThe Social Effects of Obesity • Social effects of obesity • Weight discrimination • Psychological effects of obesity

  30. Weight Discrimination

  31. Weight Discrimination

  32. Obesity and Weight ControlThe Physiology of Obesity • Fat Cells

  33. Obesity and Weight ControlThe Physiology of Obesity • Set point and metabolism

  34. Obesity and Weight ControlThe Physiology of Obesity • The genetic factor • The food and activity factor • Sleep loss • Social influence • Food consumption and activity level

  35. Sexual Motivation

  36. The Physiology of SexThe Sexual Response Cycle • Sexual response cycle • Excitement phase • Plateau phase • Orgasm • Resolution phase • Refractory period

  37. The Physiology of SexHormones and Sexual Behavior • Effects of hormones • Development of sexual characteristics • Activate sexual behavior • Estrogen • Testosterone

  38. The Psychology of Sex • External stimuli • Imagined stimuli • Dreams • Sexual fantasies

  39. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

  40. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

  41. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

  42. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

  43. Adolescent SexualityTeen Pregnancy • Ignorance • Minimal communication about birth control • Guilt related to sexual activity • Alcohol use • Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity

  44. Adolescent SexualitySexually Transmitted Infections • Statistics of STIs • Teen abstinence • High intelligence • Religious engagement • Father presence • Participation in service learning programs • xxx

  45. Sexual Orientation • Sexual orientation • Homosexual orientation • Heterosexual orientation • Sexual orientation statistics

  46. Sexual OrientationOrigins of Sexual Orientation • Origins of sexual orientation studies • Fraternal birth order effect • Same-sex attraction in animals • The brain and sexual orientation • Genes and sexual orientation • Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation

  47. The Need to Belong

  48. The Need to Belong • Aiding survival • Wanting to belong • Sustaining relationships • The pain of ostracism • ostracism

  49. The End

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