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Challenges of a short module in surveys on other topics vs a specialized survey

Challenges of a short module in surveys on other topics vs a specialized survey. Henrica A.F.M. Jansen UNECE Work Session on Gender Statistics, Geneva, 18-20 October 2004. Comparison of the two ways of measuring violence Examples highlighting some (remaining) challenges for measuring violence

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Challenges of a short module in surveys on other topics vs a specialized survey

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  1. Challenges of a short module in surveys on other topics vs a specialized survey Henrica A.F.M. Jansen UNECE Work Session on Gender Statistics, Geneva, 18-20 October 2004

  2. Comparison of the two ways of measuring violence Examples highlighting some (remaining) challenges for measuring violence Conditions that need to be in place when using a short module Importance of interviewer training What this talk is about

  3. Addition of violence questions to studies designed for other purposes Focused specialized studies (national and regional) Two trends in international violence research

  4. Short module in survey: Official statistics Includes other variables Less detailed information on violence Less attention to safety Lower prevalence Specialized survey: Often smaller scale More attention to safety issues Measures to enhance disclosure More in-depth information on violence Higher prevalence estimates Strengths and weaknesses of the two approaches

  5. To raise awareness about the problem To influence policy To monitor trends To contribute to indicators at global level To compare between countries To understand more about violence, the associations, risk and protective factors What is your objective? Short module Special survey

  6. 1. Enhancing comparability How violence is defined How is violence measured 2. Enhancing disclosure Opportunities to disclose, context, skill of interviewers 3. Enhancing safety privacy, special training for field staff, support for respondents and interviewers Challenges to developing a common set of indicators on violence against women Discussed already

  7. How the questions are phrased Number of opportunities to disclose Context in which questions are asked Characteristics and skill of interviewers Social stigma attached to issue Factors that affect disclosure

  8. Since you were 15, has anyone ever hit or physically mistreated you? Who? 14% of women reported abuse by partner Using a more detailed instrument that asked about occurrence and frequency of acts... 29% of women reported physical abuse by a partner Single versus multiple questions to measure abuse, Nicaragua

  9. “…In the first question, they would say that he didn’t beat them, but when we got to the other questions, then they would say yes, sometime he beats me and kicks me or uses a gun, or whatever.” (interviewer, Nicaraguan DHS)

  10. Before the age of 15, do you remember if any one in your family ever touched you sexually or made you do something sexual that you didn’t want to? If yes, who did this to you? How old were you when it happened for the first time? How old was this person? How many times did this happen? Once/twice; few, many? Probes: school, friend or family, neighbor; stranger or anyone else? Measurement of Child Sexual AbuseWHO Study

  11. Anonymous reporting of sexual abuse before age 15

  12. Comparison of methods of measuring sexual abuse before age 15

  13. Percentage reporting sexual abuse before age 15, Tanzania

  14. Establishing trust and credibility in community Letters from proper authorities to households One woman per household - Visible process of randomization Sensitivity and engagement of interviewers Privacy – creative strategies needed Uniform, IDs. More ways to enhance disclosure (context)

  15. Thus far, we saw the mode, question wording, order, context, privacy etc has effect on disclosure But…. Even if all this is the same, the type and skills of interviewer still makes a difference. Importance of interviewer selection and training

  16. Serbia and Montenegro 2003 13 inexperienced, carefully selected interviewers, trainedduring 3 weeks 21 professional interviewers, selected because of their interest in the topic, trained during one day Evidence of the value of training

  17. Special training vs professional interviewers

  18. "Somehow it made me feel good, because it was something that I had never told anyone before. Now I’ve told someone". --Respondent, Brazil

  19. DHS violence module CDC violence module in reproductive health surveys IVAWS subset of questions WHO violence against women instrument (partner violence and non-partner violence) Examples of short modules

  20. Minimum conditions for using a short module • Measures to protect safety of respondents and interviewers • Crisis intervention and referrals to specialized services for respondents who need this • Special training and emotional support and follow-up for interviewers

  21. Total privacy and confidentiality One woman interviewed per household Study is not presented to household as asking questions on violence Minimizing risk to the respondents:

  22. Doing research safely for all involved Enhancing disclosure Data quality – scientific rigour Political importance, to be able to do fieldwork in future research These minimal set of conditions are crucial for

  23. Thank you! jansenh@who.int http://www.who.int/gender/

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