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The Practical Application of Constructed Wetlands in the Philippines

This review outlines the practical application of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in the Philippines, focusing on pilot testing, vegetation propagation, and metal removal. The utilization of anaerobic and aerobic wetlands, along with open limestone channels, is discussed, highlighting their effectiveness in addressing acid mine drainage issues. The study covers wetland modifications, design programs, wetland components, and results of batch experiments, emphasizing successful plant growth in challenging conditions with a detailed analysis of hydrology and erosion controls.

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The Practical Application of Constructed Wetlands in the Philippines

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  1. The Practical Application of Constructed Wetlands in the Philippines R.E. James, N. Callora, R. Inion, G. Tolentino

  2. I. Review • Background • Constructed Wetland Types TVI Resource Development Philippines Inc.

  3. Outline • Review • Pilot Testing and Preliminary Results • Vegetation Propagation • Pilot Anaerobic Wetland • Pilot Aerobic Wetland with Open Limestone Channel (OLC) TVI Resource Development Philippines Inc.

  4. I. Review TVI Resource Development Philippines Inc.

  5. Acid Mine Drainage • Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) • Sulfide minerals exposed to water and oxygen 4 FeS2 + 15 O2 + 14 H2O  4 Fe(OH)3 + 8 H2SO4 Pyrite + Oxygen + Water  Iron Oxide + Sulfuric Acid • Fe oxyhydroxides smother vegetation • Acidity dissolves and mobilizes toxic metals • As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn • Contamination of aquatic biota and drinking water TVI Resource Development Philippines Inc.

  6. Constructed Wetlands • Energy sources: • Photosynthesis • Topographical gradients • Microbial metabolism • Constructed Wetlands (CW) are a proven passive wastewater treatment technology • Immobilization of metals as solid precipitates • Generation of alkalinity TVI Resource Development Philippines Inc.

  7. Anaerobic Wetlands Compost wetland Aerobic Wetlands Surface reed ponds Metal removal as Fe precipitation, heavy metal coprecipitation, adsortion, physical settling, and plant-metal uptake Wetland Types TVI Resource Development Philippines Inc.

  8. CW Modification 1 • Reducing and Alkalinity Producing System (RAPS) C B A TVI Resource Development Philippines Inc.

  9. CW Modification 2 • Limestone Channels • Open Limestone Channels (OLC) • ALD/OLC + aerobic wetland • Limestone dissolution • Pretreatment of pH 3 water TVI Resource Development Philippines Inc.

  10. II. Design Program and Preliminary Results TVI Resource Development Philippines Inc.

  11. Wetland Components • Vegetation • Substrate TVI Resource Development Philippines Inc.

  12. Vegetation TVI Resource Development Philippines Inc.

  13. Substrate • Nursery batch experiments • Local substrate • Carabao manure • Forest litter • Sawdust from local sawmill • Rice straw TVI Resource Development Philippines Inc.

  14. Results of Batch Experiments • Successful growth of plants in pH 3 test water TVI Resource Development Philippines Inc.

  15. Hydrology • Water Balance: • Mean annual rainfall approximately 3,064 mm • Mean annual evaporation approximately 1,203 mm • Highly variable conditions • Monthly unit base flow ranges from 800 m3/ha/month to nearly 2,000 m3/ha/month. • Short-term high intensity storm events show an even greater range of flows. TVI Resource Development Philippines Inc.

  16. Erosion Controls • Slope stabilization • Abaca mats • Stabilizing vegetation • Berms • Water distribution • Anaerobic conditions? Constant water supply! • Trestles • 3-pond water collection TVI Resource Development Philippines Inc.

  17. Pilot CW Design: RAPS and OLC + Aerobic Wetland TVI Resource Development Philippines Inc.

  18. Metal Analysis: Plant and Water TVI Resource Development Philippines Inc.

  19. Pilot RAPS TVI Resource Development Philippines Inc.

  20. OLC + Aerobic Wetland TVI Resource Development Philippines Inc.

  21. Thank You! TVI Resource Development Philippines Inc.

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