CARDIORESPIRATORY ADAPTATIONS TO TRAINING

1. CARDIORESPIRATORY ADAPTATIONS TO TRAINING Endurance - two different concepts - muscular e., cardiorespiratory e. Muscular E - ability of muscle to sustain high-intensity, repetitive or static exercise (important for sprinters, weight lifter, boxer, wrestler) - related to muscular strength and anaerobic development. Cardiorespiratory E. - ability of the body to sustain prolonged exercise. (cyclist, distance runners, swimmers) related to development of cardiovascular and respiratory systems, thus aerobic development.

2. Evaluation E. Capacity • Aerobic Power - Vo2 max with endurance training - more oxygen delivered - 6 months training - increase in VO2 max of 20 percent - perform e. activities at higher work rate, faster. • Oxygen Transport System shared by CR systems - VO2 SV x HR x a - VO2 diff.

3. A - CV Adaptations To Training 1)Heart Size - heart´s weight, volume, LV wall thickness, chamber size increase - „Athlete´s Heart“ LV internal dimension increases - increase in ventricular filling (rise in plasma volume), LV wall thickness, increase (hypertrophy) - increase in strength potential of its contractions. 2)Stroke Volume - higher after endurance tr. at rest, during exercise, stronger heart, availability of greater blood volume increase in EDV, increase in EF.

5. 3) Heart Rate (HR) - decrease of HR after endurance tr. (elite athletes 30 - 40 beats (min.) - increase in parasympathetic tone. At submaximal exercise tr. - decrease of HR by about 20 - 40 beats/min. after 6 months. Maximal HR - unchanged or slightly decreased (allowing for optimum SV to maximize CO). HR recovery time - decrease - well suited to tracking an indvidual´s progress with tr. 4) Cardiac Output (CO)- at rest, during submaximal levels of ex. - unchanged , at maximal levels - considerable increase (mainly by of SV). CO in untrained 14 - 16 l/min., 40 l intrained athletes.

6. 5) Blood Flow (BF) enhanced muscle blood supply following training: a) increased capillarization of trained muscles - new capillaries develop -  capillary to fiber ratio b) greater opening of existing capillaries c) more effective blood redistribution (shunting away from areas that don´t need high flow) 6) Blood Pressure (BP) - resting blood pressure reduced, no changes during submaximal or maximal work rates.

7. 7) Blood Volume (BV) - E. tr. -  BV, mainly by increase in blood plasma volume ( ADH, aldosterone,  amount of plasma proteins). Red blood cells count increases, (pseudoanemia). Blood viscosity  - improvement of circulation). Plasma volume - high correlation with VO2 max  increase in plasma volume - most significant training effect

9. B - Respiratory Adaptations To Training • Lung Volumes - no change in VC, RV, TLC, slight increase in TV • Respiratory Rate increase in maximal exercise levels of pulmonary ventilation - slightly reduced at rest, maximal pulmonary ventilation substantially increased. Untrained - 120 l/min, trained - 240 l/min. • Pulmonary Diffusion - no change at rest, increase in maximal exercise • A-v O2 diff. - increase after training (↓mixed venous O2 content)

10. Metabolic Adaptations • Lactate Threshold - E. tr. - lactate thr. n - higher rate of work at higher rate of O2 consumption without raising blood lactate. Maximal blood lactate levels increase slightly. • Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) - at rest -  RER (greater utilization of FFA), at maximal levels of work -  RER in trained individuals. (sustained hyperventilation  excessive CO2 release)

11. Maximal O2 Consumption - substantial increase following training - individual limitation, major limiting factor - oxygen delivery to the active muscles (lack of oxidative enzymes in mitochondria, central and peripheral circulatory factor limit endurance capacity)

12. Long-term Improvement in Endurance Highest attainable VO2 max usually reached within 18 months of intense e. conditioning, further improvement with continued tr. for many additional years - body´s ability perform at increasing percentage of VO2 max for extended periods - result of increase in lactate threshold

13. Factors Affecting the Response to Aerobic Training • Heredity Genetic factors establish boundaries for an individual endurance training can push Vo2 max to the upper limits of these boundaries. • AgeAge related decrease - decrease in activity levels. Decline in VO2 max - attenuated by continuing training

14. Gender Highly conditioned female e. athletes - 10 percent lower VO2 max values • Responders x Nonresponders Large improvements - responders, little or no improvement (nonresponders) to the same training programs - genetic influence

15. Specificity of Training Selection of appropriate training program - closely matched with athlete´s individual needs to maximize the physiological adaptations to training • Cross Training Training for more than one sport at the same time or tr. for several fitness components (endurance strength) at one time

16. Cardiorespiratory Endurance and Performance E. - the most important component of physical fitness. E. - athlete´s major defense against fatigue - major deterrent to optimal performance – (muscle strength decreased, reaction and movement times prolonged, neuromuscular coordination reduced, concentration and alertness reduced). Extent of endurance training needed varies, dependence on E. demands of chosen activity (marathon runner x baseball, golf player) • All Athletes Can Benefit from Maximizing Their Endurance