Chapter 8: Sentence Structure

1. Chapter 8: Sentence Structure Dependent and Independent Clauses

2. What is a Clause? A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. There are two types of clauses: dependent and independent. For example, the following sentence contains two clauses. Subject Verb (Independent clause) Subject Verb {Kate noted the day’s events in her journal} {before she went toSubject bed.}(Dependent clause)

3. Independent/Dependent Clause An independent clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. -Kate noted the day’s events in her journal. A dependent clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. -before she went to bed

4. Dependent Clause continued Most dependent clause are introduced by words like although, before, because, so that, when, while, so, and that. TIP: Dependent clauses are also known as subordinate clauses. These clauses cannot stand alone and are dependent on the main clause.

5. Simple Sentences • A simple sentence contains one independent clause and no dependent clauses. (Independent clause) • Mikayla sings. • Ben competes at chess every day after school. • Ben competes at chess and runs track for the school.

6. Compound Sentences • A compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses and no dependent clauses. (independent clause) (independent clause) Mikayla sings every day, and she practices with the choir. Mikayla sings every day; she practices with the choir. ________________________________________________ Coordinating Conjunctions FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

7. Compound Sentence continued TIP: Do not mistake a simple sentence with a compound sentence because it has a “compound verb.” No punctuation should separate the parts of a compound predicate. Ben planned a chess tournament for interested students and promoted it. (This is a simple sentence: One independent clause)

8. Complex Sentence • Acomplex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. Independent clause dependent clause Independent Clause cont’d Mr. Henry, who is a professional wrestler, competes at the UFC level. dependent clause Independent clause When Mr. Henry competes, he hypes up the audience.

9. Complex Sentences continued Most dependent clauses are introduced by a subordinating conjunction. A subordinating conjunction (Baby AAAWWUBBIS) relates the dependent clause to the independent clause. The following is a list of the most common subordinating conjunctions: - after -as though -so -whenever -although -because -than -where -as -before -though -wherever -as if -even though -unless -while -as long as -if -until -as soon as -since -when

10. Compound/Complex Sentences • A compound-complex sentence contains two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Dependent clause Independent clauseIndependent clause While she was fishing, Amy saw many deer, and she tried not to disturb them. Independent clause Independent Clause Amy unhooked the salmon from the line, and she threw it back into the stream so that it could live. dependent clause

11. Four kinds of sentences • Simple: Independent clause • Compound: Independent clause + Independent clause (joined with a FANBOYS) • Complex: Dependent clause + Independent clause (joined with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun) • Compound-Complex: Dependent + Independent + Independent (dependent clause joined with a subordinating conjunction(Baby AAAWWUBBIS) or a relative pronoun)

12. Baby AAAWWUBBIS • A – After • A- Although • A- As, as if, as long as, as soon as, as though • W – When, whenever, wherever • W- While • U – Unless, Until • B – Because • B – Before • I- If • S – Since, So

13. Words to identify dependent clauses SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (adverb) - after -as though -so -whenever -although -because -than -where -as -before -though -wherever -as if -even though -unless -while -as long as -if -until -as soon as -since -when ____________________________________________________ Relative Pronouns (adjective) who, whom, whose, that, which, what ____________________________________________________ (Noun) who, whom, whoever, whomever, that, which, what, when, how, where, why, whether

14. Kinds of Dependent Clauses Adjective Clause – a dependent clause used as an adjective, and modifies a noun or a pronoun. It tells what kind, which one, how much, or how many. Adjective clauses are joined by relative pronouns such as who, whom, whose, that, or which. Adverb Clause - a dependent clause used as an adverb, and modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb. It tells how, when, where, why, and to what extent. Adverb clauses use subordinate conjunctions to join the dependent and independent clauses. Noun Clause – a dependent clause used as a noun. Noun clauses can act as the subject, object, or predicate noun. If you can substitute the word “someone” or “something” for a dependent clause in a sentence, it is a noun clause.

15. Adjective Clause • Adjective clauses act as an adjective and are usually joined to the main clause by relative pronouns such as who, whom, whose, that, and which. A clause beginning with which is set off by commas. • The word, which is Italian, is not used much these days. dependent clause • A gonfalon is a banner that is hung from a cross piece. dependent clause

16. Adverb Clauses • Adverb clauses act like adverbs and modify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs. They are usually joined to the main clause by subordinating conjunctions (Baby AAAWWUBBIS). If the adverb clause comes before the independent clause , use a comma after the adverb clause. • When I saw the word, I had to look it up. Adverb Clause

17. Noun Clause • Noun clauses can act as a subject, object, or predicate noun. • If you can substitute the word “someone” or “something” for a dependent clause in a sentence, it is a noun clause. What the word means puzzled me at first. (Something puzzled me at first.) • Usually a noun clause is joined to the main clause by words such as who, whom, whoever, whomever, that, which, what, when, how, where, why, and whether. • Note: Some of these words are relative pronouns and some are subordinate conjunctions.

18. Steps to identifying clauses • Identify the dependent clause (the group of words that does not contain a complete thought). • Try to figure out which word is being modified (described) or what question is being answered. • If you cannot figure out what word is being modified, or what question the dependent clause answers, then try to separate the sentence into a dependent and independent clause. If you cannot find an independent clause, then try to substitute the word “someone” or “something” for the dependent clause. If this make sense, then you have a Noun Clause.

19. Practice identifying clauses 1. Words that are named after people make me curious about the people. 2. It wasn’t hard for me to find out where the word curie came from. 3. Clearly, curie, which means “a unit of radioactivity,” is named after Madame Curie. 4. When I found the word faraday, I learned it was named after Michael Faraday. 5. Since a faraday is a measure of electricity, I figured that Faraday was a scientist. 6. Everyone can guess what was named after the Earl of Sandwich.

20. Answers to Practice 1. Words that are named after people make me curious about the people. (ADJ) 2. It wasn’t hard for me to find out where the word curie came from. (Noun) 3. Curie, which means “a unit of radioactivity,” is named after Madame Curie. (ADJ) 4. When I found the word faraday, I learned it was named after Michael Faraday. ADV) 5. Since a faraday is a measure of electricity, I figured that Faraday was a scientist. (ADV) 6. Everyone can guess what was named after the Earl of Sandwich. (Noun)