Radiation Safety & Start-Up Training

1. Radiation Safety & Start Up TrainingInnov-X Systems Ken SmithNational Sales Manager

2. Radiation Safety Innov-X SystemsX-Ray Fluorescence Bill Caughie – Regional Sales Mgr. Office: 412-916-9286 Fax: 412-787-1552

3. Call Innov-X Systems !!!

4. Training Objective • SAFETY! • Understand Radiation! • Understand Regulations • Understand Instrumentation

5. Radiation wavelength in angstrom units 8 6 4 2 -2 -4 -6 10 10 10 10 1 10 10 10 Radio Infrared V Ultra-Violet X-Rays Cosmic Rays i Light s i b l e Gamma Rays 4 - 10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 2 2 10 10 10 10 10 1 10 10 Photon energy in million electron volts (MeV) Electromagnetic Radiation

6. Radiation Overview • Radiation - form of energy (particles/waves) • Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum -EMR • Radio frequency • Microwave • Infra-red • Visible Light • Ultraviolet - UV • X-Ray • Gamma Radiation

7. Types of Radiation • Radiation - Form of Energy • Ionizing >10eV • Cause ionization of atoms • Eject electrons atoms - Make “charged” atoms • non - Ionizing • Does NOT Cause ionization

8. Ionizing Radiation • Particles (FAST!) • alpha particles (2 neutrons + 2 protons) • beta particles (electrons) • neutrons • Waves (High Energy Light!) • X - Rays • Gamma Rays

9. Radiation Types

10. Tube Leakage Tube Leakage X-Ray Production Vacuum Tube Vacuum Tube Cathode - Electrons Anode - Target (W) (Ag) Wire Filament Filter Power

11. Penetration of Ionizing Radiation GAMMA & X-RAY BETA ALPHA

12. Radiation Safety • RAD = Radiation Absorbed Dose • REM = Roentgen Equivalent Man • REM = RAD X Factor • (Factors X-ray=1, Alpha=20)

13. Roentgen Equivalent Man?? Now that’s a mouthful!

14. It’s Everywhere!

15. Biological Effects of Radiation • Most Sensitive - Rapidly dividing cells • Bone Marrow • Lining of digestive tract • Some skin cells • Least Sensitive • Bone • Muscle • Nerves

16. Standards & Guidelines • Maximum Permissible Limits (MPL’s) • National Council on Radiation Protection • International Commission on Radiological Protection • ALARA • Radiation Doses • 5 rems per year (whole body) • 50 rems (extremity or individual organ) • 0.5 rems during pregnancy

17. Exposure Calculations • <0.1 mREM/hr. • X 25 hr/day • = 2.5 mREM/day • X 400 days/year • = 1,000 mREM/year • or 1 REM/year • = 2% of reportable exposure

18. Safety Factors • Time, Distance, Shielding • Time - Limit Exposure Dose • Distance - Maintain Safe Distance • Inverse square law • Shielding - High Density Materials

19. Radiation Safety Summary • Radiation Overview • Types of Radiation • Biological Effects of Radiation • Standards and Guidelines • Monitoring Instruments • Safety Factors (Time, Distance, Shielding) • Control Programs

20. XRF Work Practices

21. A few words about Radiation Safety • The Innov-X analyzers does produce radiation and the user should be aware of this • Radiation exposure is negligible with proper use and small with occasional incorrect use

22. A few more words about radiation safety • Practice “ALARA.” All radiation exposure should be “As Low As Reasonably Achievable” • This means: • Do not put fingers, or any other body part in front of the analyzer window. • Verify that no one else stands within 3 paces of the analyzer window when instrument is on. • Correct operation of instrument involves leaving one hand on handle, and making sure the other hand is away from the window.

23. Safety Factors • Time, Distance, Shielding • Time - Limit Exposure Dose • Distance - Maintain Safe Distance • Inverse square law • Shielding - High Density Materials

24. Standards & Guidelines • Maximum Permissible Limits (MPL’s) • National Council on Radiation Protection • International Commission on Radiological Protection • ALARA • Radiation Doses • 5 rems per year (whole body) • 50 rems (extremity or individual organ) • 0.5 rems during pregnancy

25. Typical Radiation Exposures • Airline Attendant 1,000 mR/yr • Nuclear Power Worker 700 mR/yr • Grand Central Station 120 mR/yr • Medical Personnel 70 mR/yr • Lead Inspector 20 mR/yr • University Researcher <10 mR/yr • Chest X-ray 100 mR/each

26. Exposure Calculations@ Trigger • <0.1 mREM/hr. • X 25 hr/day • = 2.5 mREM/day • X 400 days/year • = 1,000 mREM/year • or 1 REM/year • = 2% of reportable exposure

27. Misuse Example #1 • Dose to fingers and/or hand in this example is a maximum of 28,000 mrem/hour. • Over exposure occurs in 2 hours of window exposure at the hand.

28. Misuse Example #2 • Dose at exit of sampling window is approximately 28,000 mrem/hr. A 10 second exposure in contact with Torso = 77.8 mrem • Repeat misuse 64 times/year exceeds 5,000 mrem limit.

29. Safety Features • “Deadman” Trigger • Software trigger lock • Software “proximity sensor” • Test Stand

30. Deadman Trigger • Trigger must be held for duration of test. • Releasing the trigger ends test • This ensure that users intentionally start each test • Prevents user from walking away and leaving instrument on • If user picks up analyzer and inadvertently pulls trigger, test will end as soon as trigger is released

31. Deadman Trigger • This feature may be disabled upon customer request AFTER complete radiation safety training • It is recommended that this feature is only disabled for companies where only one or two users use the analyzer in a controlled setting • Deactivation is NOT recommended in situations where instrument is shared by many users or in spaces occupied by large numbers of people.

32. Trigger Lock • User must release software trigger lock before testing • Once released, trigger lock remains disabled until 5 minutes elapse after the end of a test

33. Software Trigger Lock

34. “Software Proximity Sensor” • Instrument will shut off after 1-2 seconds if sample is not present. • Analyzer checks count rate, if count rate is not significantly above air rate, x-rays shut off

35. Test Stand Option • Allows for “Hands-Free” Operation of instrument • Ideal for turnings and other small parts, Soil Samples, etc.

36. Use Common Sense! • Remember, when energized, X-rays come out of the front of the analyzer and act accordingly. • Prevent exposure to front of analyzer when instrument is on • Pay attention to all warning lights on instrument

37. Basic Instrument Operation Innov-X Analyzers

38. Hardware and Accessories

39. Trigger and Trigger Lock • Tests can be started and stopped via either the trigger or the iPAQ. • Trigger lock should be put on immediately after pulling trigger to prevent inadvertent start of test.

40. Batteries • Charge Batteries completely before use. • Only use Innov-X approved charger • Insert batteries in base of unit - Battery is keyed to fix in correct position

41. iPAQ Power Considerations • iPAQ is powered by analyzer main battery. • iPAQ’s internal processes consume power, even when not in use. • A fully charge iPAQ can loose power sitting on a shelf for several weeks – leave iPAQ plugged in when not in use. • If iPAQ battery is completely drained, it will not be possible to use iPAQ in analyzer until iPAQ is charged and date is set • Any programs added to the main memory will be deleted, but Innov-X program and data are fine.

42. Storage Card • All Innov-X Data and Programs are stored in storage card. They will not be erased even if iPAQ battery • For proper operation, iPAQ must storage card firmly pushed into the card slot

43. Placing iPAQ in Analyzer • iPAQ must be seated properly to communicate • Be careful with the connector! • Slide iPAQ forward (towards snout) before lifting. Do not angle iPAQ upwards until it is clear of connector

44. Instrument Start-up

45. Power on instrument • Main Power on rear of analyzer below LCD display • Momentary on switch • Must hold for 3 seconds to turn off • iPAQ has separate on/off switch

46. Start Software •  Select Start from upper right hand corner of iPAQ screen. • Select the Innov-X Systems Software from the drop down menu.

47. Radiation Notice • Read Notice and click start

48. Select Mode • Select mode by clicking on name

49. Initialization • Analyzer electronics “warm up” • Detector is cooled to proper temperature • Takes 2 minutes

50. Tap to Standardize • Instrument requires standardization before measurements can be started • Place standardization mask on front of analyzer • Tap to Standardize