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Practice Prompt

Practice Prompt. Compare and Contrast the political and economic effects of Mongol rule on two regions- China, Middle East or Russia. World in 600. Postclassical Period: Fall of Han, Rome, and Indian classical empires Europe in Dark Ages Lack of political boundaries

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Practice Prompt

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  1. Practice Prompt • Compare and Contrast the political and economic effects of Mongol rule on two regions- China, Middle East or Russia

  2. World in 600 • Postclassical Period: Fall of Han, Rome, and Indian classical empires • Europe in Dark Ages • Lack of political boundaries • Religion more important than political boundaries (e.g. Christianity in Europe, Hinduism in India, Buddhism in Central and East Asia)

  3. 600-1450 Important Developments • Rise and Spread of Islam • Byzantine Empire influences Russia • Europe grows from feudalism into major civilization connected to Asia and Middle East • China becomes large and prosperous empire • Mongols impact world system • Rise of civilizations in Africa • Rise of civilization in the Americas

  4. 600-1450 Important Developments • Long distance trade becomes more complex and connects Africa, Europe, and Asia • Nomads continue to impact civilizations: Bedouins (Arabs), Vikings, and Mongols • Demographic changes continue due to: • nomadic migrations • Black Death • increased urbanization

  5. Rise of Islam • Five Pillars of Islam • Faith, prayer, charity, fasting, hajj (ka’ba) • Connections to previous religions • Judaism and Christianity: People of the book • The prophet Muhammad • Causes of Sunni-Shi’a Split • Leader of the Muslim community (umma) • Sunni- chosen from umma (majority) • Shi’a- direct descendent of Ali (minority) • Religious text- Koran • Islamic law- Sharia

  6. Spread of Islam • Reasons for spread of Islam • Accommodation, trade, laws more favorable, weakness of Byzantine and SassanidEmpires, similarities with previous religions • Islam spread to? • Middle East, South Asia, Africa, Spain, Southeast Asia • Changes in status of women- decline in Abbasid, varied with region • Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates- main Islamic Empire • Other important Islamic regions • Delhi Sultanate (India) and Mamluks (Egypt) • Sufis (mystical practice, in S and SE Asia) • Dar-al-Islam- unifying cultural force • Art, Science, and Technology

  7. Byzantine Empire • Kept alive legacy of ancient Rome • Accomplishments of Justinian • Law code, Hagia Sophia • Eastern Orthodox church split from Roman Catholicism- key differences • Caesarpapism in Eastern Orthodox- Emperor was head of Church • Pope remained leader in West • Political and cultural influence on Russia and Eastern Europe

  8. Developments in Europe • Feudalism and manorialism • Feudalism political system (lords, knights, serfs) • Manorialism- economic system, most people lived on manors and were self-sufficient • Similarities and differences between European and Japanese Feudalism • Both had codes of honor, both had landowners (daimyo) and warriors (knights, samurai), serfs. • Difference- Japan follow code of bushido, Europe actually legal contracts

  9. Developments in Europe • Role of Catholic Church • Magna Carta- limited power of king • Impact of the Crusades • Europe brought into trading system, came in contact with more sophisticated culture • Demographic Changes of late Middle Ages • (population change and shift- decline with black death, but increase toward end with agricultural advancements.)

  10. Sui, Tang, Song China Sui Song Decline in status of women footbinding Decline in Buddhism Neo-Confucianism Chinese modernism (technology, urbanism, manufacturing, etc.) Moveable type • Re-establishment of empire • Grand Canal Tang • Growth of examination system and scholar-officials • Rise of Buddhism • Empress Wu

  11. Chinese influence • Tribute System began in the Tang dynasty • Influence on surrounding areas • Japan- Confucianism, Buddhism, Chinese Characters • Korea-Buddhism, Chinese script, Confucianism and Chinese style bureaucracy, capital • Vietnam- Chinese script and bureaucracy

  12. Impact of Mongols • Reasons for Genghis Khan’s success • Style of Mongol Rule • Impact of Mongol rule on China, Russia, Middle East (Islamic heartland) • PaxMongolica and diffusion of goods, ideas, and plague

  13. Mongol effects on China • Yuan dynasty • Kept ideas of dynastic cycle • Tolerance and Foreign influence • Disrupted social structure • Muslim advisors given more power • Mongols separate from Chinese • Mongol women showed more equality • Gave more power to artists and peasants • Stopped civil service exams

  14. Mongol effects on Russia • Russian Princes became vassals • Serfdom created for protection from Mongols • Much destruction and death • Gave power to Moscow and Russian Orthodox Church • Cut Russia off from Renaissance in West

  15. Mongol effects on Middle East • End of Islamic caliphate • Killed Caliph • Destroyed Baghdad

  16. African Societies Ghana, Mali Swahili City-States Influence of Islam Combination of Islamic and Native culture Importance in Indian Ocean Trading System Gold and Slaves • Influence of Islam • Mansa Musa (Mali)- • Capital Timbuktu • Pilgrimage to Mecca • Gold Salt Trade • Trans-Saharan Trade- W. Africa

  17. Americas: Maya • Olmec culture influenced Maya, and in turn Mayan influenced Aztec • Why did they collapse? • Environmental Degradation • Erosion • Drought • Invasions • Distrust of Leader

  18. The Americas:Inca Empire 1438-1525 • Highly centralized government • Strong army and bureaucracy • Diverse ethnic groups • Extensive irrigation • Mita system • Expected labor from people • State religion/ancestor cult • Sun god/Polytheistic • Architectural achievements • Vast Road system

  19. The Americas: Aztec Empire 1325-1520 • Tenochtitlan “Foundation of Heaven” • Island location • Strong Army- obtain victims for human sacrifice • Tribute empire based on agriculture • Allowed regions more independence, as long as paid tribute • Unique agriculture- chinampas

  20. Increasing Complexity of Trade Routes Africa, Europe, and Asia tied together for the first time: • Silk Road • Mediterranean • Trans-Saharan Trade • Indian Ocean Trade

  21. Silk Routes

  22. Venice and Genoa became important ports during Crusades Mediterranean Trade

  23. Trans-Saharan Trade

  24. Indian Ocean

  25. Continued influence of nomadic peoples • Arabs—spread of Islam • Vikings—led to feudalism in Europe • Turks • Mongols • Bantu-speaking peoples in Africa

  26. Impacts of Black Death • Areas impacted include Europe, China, and Middle East (Islamic) countries • Population declines • Labor Shortages

  27. World in 1450 • China reestablished but increasingly inward looking under Ming Dynasty • End of unified Islamic Empire but Islam still a worldwide religion • Growth of Europe into separate kingdoms • Increasing desire for trade goods, particularly in Europe • Ottoman Turks take over Byzantine Empire • Islamic civilizations in India (Mughal Empire) • End of nomadic ability to dominate civilizations • Decreasing status of elite women in civilized societies (China, Islamic countries, Europe)

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