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Chapter 11 Section 4: World War II

Chapter 11 Section 4: World War II. ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did World War II affect Georgians?. The Rise of Dictators. Ruthless people rose to power in the 1920’s and 1930’s Some Europeans resented terms of Treaty of Versailles Germans had to take full responsibility of WWI

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Chapter 11 Section 4: World War II

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  1. Chapter 11Section 4: World War II • ESSENTIAL QUESTION • How did World War II affect Georgians?

  2. The Rise of Dictators • Ruthless people rose to power in the 1920’s and 1930’s • Some Europeans resented terms of Treaty of Versailles • Germans had to take full responsibility of WWI • Pay billions of dollars in reparation to allies • Disarm completely • Give up all overseas colonies and some territory in Europe • Carved up Austro-Hungarian and Russian Empires to create several European countries (borders were later disputed) • League of Nations was part of the Treaty

  3. Increasing Tensions • Dictator: individual who ruled a country through military strength

  4. Germany • During the depression millions lost their jobs • Economy was on the edge of collapse • Germans rallied around Hitler • Gained popularity by exploiting people’s concerns about inflation and unemployment and Versailles Treaty • 1921 became chairman of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, aka the Nazi Party.

  5. Nazi-Soviet Pact • Germany making plans to invade Poland • Poland bordered Russia • Hitler did not want to anger Stalin, yet. • Both signed Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact- August 1939 • 2 leaders pledged not to attack each other • Agreed to divide Poland • Pact shocked the world

  6. The War Begins • 1938: Hitler’s Germany attacks France to “take back” land lost in WWI (Rhineland) • Sent troops to take over Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland • Great Britain and France declared war • Soviet Union invaded nearby countries and agreed to split Poland with Germany • By 1940, Hitler controlled Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg and a large part of France and began bombing Great Britain

  7. Blitzkrieg • Lightning War • The German offensive way of fighting • Moving in quickly, forcefully, from all sides

  8. A Neutral United States • Most Americans did not want to get involved in the war, but Roosevelt wanted to help Britain • Hitler turned on Stalin in 1941 and invaded the Soviet Union • Lend-lease: policy to lend or lease (rent) weapons to Great Britain and the Soviet Union • American ships began escorting British ships in convoys

  9. Lend-Lease • Japan, Italy, the Soviet Union, and Germany were fighting Great Britain • Most Americans felt the U.S. should not get involved • 1930’s Congress had passed “neutrality acts” to keep the U.S. out of another war (we could not sell weapons to any warring nation) • 1939 FDR got Congress to pass a new law that allowed the Allied Powers to buy arms if they paid cash and carried them in their ships

  10. Lend-Lease (continued) • 1940 FDR gave Great Britain old weapons and traded 50 destroyers for British bases in the Western Hemisphere • 1941 British ran out of $ so Congress let FDR “lend or lease” arms to them • Germany “turned” on the Soviet Union and invaded them so FDR gave lend-lease aid to the Soviets • FDR built air bases in Greenland and Iceland. The planes from these bases tracked German submarines. • U.S. Navy escorted British ships part of the way across the Atlantic

  11. “A Day that Will Live in Infamy” • President Roosevelt stopped exports to Japan to protest its expansion into other countries • Exports of oil, airplanes, aviation gasoline and metals were stopped • The Japanese attacked the U.S. Navy fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941 • Japan hoped to destroy the fleet giving them control of the Pacific Ocean • The USA declared war on Japan • Allied Powers: USA, Great Britain, Soviet Union • Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan

  12. Pearl Harbor • Japanese-American relations got worse • U.S. stopped exporting planes, metals, aircraft parts, and aviation gas to Japan • 1941 Japan invaded French Indochina-FDR seized all Japanese property in U.S. • Late 1941 Japan decided to invade Indonesia to get gas • U.S. Navy stationed at Pearl Harbor were the only ones that could stop them

  13. Pearl Harbor (continued) • Dec. 7, 1941 Sunday morning 8:00 AM the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor • 8 battleships destroyed or damaged • More than 180 planes were destroyed • Over 2,000 people killed/over 1,000 wounded • “day that will live in infamy” • Dec. 8 Congress declared war on Japan

  14. American Military Forces • Millions of Americans enlisted after the attack on Pearl Harbor • 330,000 women joined – could not serve in combat roles • Segregation in the military kept African American and white service men in different units • Tuskegee Airmen: famous African American flyers of the Army Air Force

  15. U.S. enters World War II • Allied Powers-U.S., Great Britain, and the Soviet Union • Axis Powers-Germany, Japan, and Italy • U.S. fighting on two fronts-Germany and Italy in Europe and Africa and Japan in the Pacific

  16. The War in Europe • 1942-1943: British and American troops won control of Africa • 1943: Mussolini overthrown and Italy joined the Allies • American general Dwight D. Eisenhower coordinated plan to recapture Europe • D-Day: June 6, 1944 – Allied forces land in northern France • Early 1945: Germans pushed out of France • April 1945: Soviet and American troops meet and Germany surrenders – Hitler commits suicide

  17. D-Day June 06, 1944 • Operation Overlord • Largest amphibious assault in human history • Allied success is the first step in the March to Berlin. • Five beach code names: Omaha and Utah (U.S.), Gold and Sword (Britain), and Juno (Canada) • 1,465 U.S. solders killed. (estimate) • Eisenhower's message to the troops

  18. Georgia Loses a Friend • President Roosevelt visited Georgia often at his “Little White House” in Warm Springs • His polio symptoms were eased in the mineral springs • April 24, 1945: President Roosevelt died suddenly of a stroke in Warm Springs, GA • Millions of Georgians and Americans mourned • Vice President Harry Truman became president

  19. FDR’s Impact on Georgia • Got Congress to pass laws to protect workers • ND created the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) which created Blue Ridge Lake, Lake Chatuge, and Lake Nottely • FDR’s body was carried by train to Washington as thousands of crying Georgians lined the tracks

  20. The War in the Pacific • 1942: Japan expanded its territory throughout the Asian Pacific region • 1945: Allied forces began to retake Japanese controlled lands • Japan refused to surrender • President Truman authorized the use of atomic bombs to force Japan’s surrender • Enola Gay: plane that dropped first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan • Japan surrendered after a second atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki • Over 50 million people died in the war

  21. The Holocaust • The Holocaust: name given to the Nazi plan to kill all Jewish people • Auschwitz, Buckenwald, Dachau, Treblinka, Bergen-Belsen infamous concentration camps where Jews and others were executed • 6 million people killed in the Holocaust (Picture: Jews at the Warsaw Ghetto)

  22. The Holocaust • Spring 1945-Allied troops pushed into Poland, Austria, and Germany • They found Auschwitz, Buckenwald, Dachau, Treblinka, Bergen-Belsen (concentration camps) set up by the Nazis as the “final solution to the Jewish problem” • Those alive were emaciated skeletons from years of starvation, disease, cruel treatment, forced labor, and medical experiments • “systematic extermination (killing) of 6 million Jews” • 5-6 million others labeled as “undesirables” were also killed by the Nazis

  23. The Holocaust (continued) • Prisoners, including children, were gassed in chambers they thought were showers • Their bodies were incinerated in huge ovens or thrown into mass graves • Hitler wanted to rid the world of “inferior” people including Jews, Poles, Czechs, Russians, Gypsies, homosexuals, and the mentally or physically disabled • 1986 the GA Commission on the Holocaust was established • The Commission fosters tolerance, good citizenship and character development among the young people of GA • Annual art and writing contest for middle and high school students

  24. The War’s Effects on Society • Everyone was expected to help in the war effort • Women began working in jobs to replace men who had gone to war • G.I. Bill: law to help returning soldiers adapt to civilian life • Low cost loans for homes or business • College education opportunities • Women and African Americans did not want to go back to the kind of life they had before the war

  25. Georgia During World War II • 320,000 Georgians joined the armed forces – over 7,000 killed • Military bases were built in the state which improved the economy • Farmers grew needed crops – income tripled for the average farmer • Limits were put on the consumption of goods such as gasoline, meat, butter, and sugar (rationing) • Students were encouraged to buy war bonds and defense stamps to pay for the war • Victory Garden: small family gardens to make sure soldiers would have enough food • POW (prisoner of war) camps in Georgia at some military bases

  26. Bell Aircraft • Needed to build aircraft plants to build more B-29 bombers • Bell Aircraft Co. of Buffalo, N.Y. got the contract for a new plant in Marietta • Largest aircraft assembly plant in the world with 4.2 million square feet • 1943 they began assembling bombers with 1200 employees • 1945-27,000 employees making 60-65 planes a month • 1950 Lockheed Aircraft Corp. reopened the plant

  27. Military Bases • WW II brought millions of federal $ to GA strengthening the economy Major Bases in GA: • Fort Benning (Columbus) largest infantry center in U.S. • Camp Gordon (Augusta) • Fort Stewart/Hunter Air Field (Savannah) • Warner Robins Air Field (near Macon) • Glynco Naval Air Station (Brunswick) flew blimps to search for German submarines

  28. Military Bases (continued) • Fort McPherson (Atlanta) induction center for newly drafted soldiers • Fort Gillem (Clayton County) army storage facility and railroad yard • Prisoners of war (POWs) were held at Forts Benning, Gordon, Oglethorpe, and Stewart • At Fort Oglethorpe, 150,000 women (Women’s Army Auxiliary Corp-WACs) trained to become postal workers, clerks, typists, switchboard operators, code clerks, and drivers or aides • Atlanta Airport became an air base in 1941

  29. Savannah Shipyard • Built “Liberty” ships (named after Patrick Henry’s famous quote) • Nov. 1942 launched first Liberty ship-the U.S.S. James Oglethorpe (sunk by a German sub in 1943) • 88 Liberty ships built by 15,000 workers, many of whom were women

  30. Brunswick Shipyard • 1943-1944 over 16,000 men and women worked around the clock on 6 ships at a time • 1944 set a record by building 7 ships in just one month • Worked on Christmas day and donated $ for that day to the war effort • Produced 99 Liberty ships

  31. Richard B. Russell, Jr. • June 1931, Winder resident Richard Russell became GA’s youngest governor in the 20th Century • Sworn in by his dad, GA Supreme Court Justice, Richard B. Russell, Sr. • Former member and speaker of the GA House of Representatives • Combined 102 state offices into 17 agencies • Combined the boards of trustees of state colleges and universities into one governing group-the Board of Regents of the Univ. System

  32. Richard B. Russell, Jr. (continued) • Gov. Russell tried to run the state like a successful business • 1932 he was elected to the U.S. Senate (served for 38 years) • He favored national military preparedness and states’ rights • Served on the Senate Appropriations Com • Co-sponsored legislation to provide a school lunch to all children • Advisor to 6 U.S. Presidents • Served as president pro tempore of the Senate (third in line for the presidency)

  33. Carl Vinson Richard Russell, Jr.

  34. Carl Vinson • U.S. House of Representatives (served 25 consecutive terms from 1914 -1965) • Promoted a strong national defense • 1934 Vinson-Trammel Act (manufactured 92 warships) • Law to expand naval aviation system to 10,000 planes,16,000 pilots, and 20 air bases • Law to ease labor restrictions in shipbuilding to allow faster construction of navy ships

  35. Carl Vinson (continued) After World War II: • Wanted a strong defense throughout the Cold War with the Soviet Union • 1964-President Johnson awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom • Retired to his Milledgeville farm in 1965 • 1972-President Nixon named the 3rd nuclear carrier for him • He died in 1981

  36. Video Clips • Attack on Pearl Harbor • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HAnOtWm5OrM • FDR’s Infamy Speech • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VqQAf74fsE • http://www.gpb.org/georgiastories/stories/women_of_world_war_two • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MvDiwYSwEV0

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