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Mineralogy and Petrography Departement of Geoscience University of Fribourg Switzerland

QUANTIFICATION OF SMITHING ACTIVITIES BASED ON THE INVESTIGATION OF SLAG AND OTHER MATERIAL REMAINS Vincent Serneels Sébastien Perret. Mineralogy and Petrography Departement of Geoscience University of Fribourg Switzerland. vincent.serneels@unifr.ch sebastien.perret@unifr.ch

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Mineralogy and Petrography Departement of Geoscience University of Fribourg Switzerland

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  1. QUANTIFICATION OF SMITHING ACTIVITIESBASED ON THE INVESTIGATION OF SLAGAND OTHER MATERIAL REMAINS Vincent Serneels Sébastien Perret Mineralogy and PetrographyDepartement of GeoscienceUniversity of FribourgSwitzerland vincent.serneels@unifr.ch sebastien.perret@unifr.ch www.unifr.ch/mineral/archmet

  2. The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy Production line : Sequence of technical steps from the raw material to the finished object. Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg V. Serneels, S. Perret

  3. Natural ore Extraction Refuse Extracted ore The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg V. Serneels, S. Perret

  4. Natural ore Extraction Refuse Extracted ore Processing Refuse Concentrated ore The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg V. Serneels, S. Perret

  5. Natural ore Extraction Refuse Extracted ore Processing Refuse Concentrated ore Reduction Slag Raw iron The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy • Direct method of reduction : • Bloomery process • Solid state • FeO + CO  Fe + CO2 Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg V. Serneels, S. Perret

  6. Natural ore Extraction Refuse Extracted ore Processing Refuse Concentrated ore Reduction Slag Raw iron The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy • Direct method of reduction : • Bloomery process • Solid state • FeO + CO  Fe + CO2 Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg V. Serneels, S. Perret

  7. Natural ore Extraction Refuse Extracted ore Processing Refuse Concentrated ore Reduction Slag Raw iron Smithing Slag Finished object The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy • Plastic deformation (hammering / heating) • Welding • Heat treatment (annealing / quenching) • Control of oxydation / carburization Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg V. Serneels, S. Perret

  8. Smithing • Smithing depends on : • Quality of the metal • Physical characteristics : • Compact / homogenous • bar iron • Uncompacted / heterogeneous • bloom iron • Small pieces • scrap • Chemistry : • % carbon • % other elements : • P, S, N, Mn, Ni, 0... Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg V. Serneels, S. Perret

  9. Smithing • Smithing depends on : • Quality of the metal • Type of object to produce • Kind of object : • Simple nail • Complex composite blade • iron + steel • Size of object : • Small nail 10 g • knife 100 g • axe 1000 g • Large anchor 10000 g • Sharpening, polishing, decoration Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg V. Serneels, S. Perret

  10. Smithing • Smithing depends on : • Quality of the metal • Type of object to produce • Know-how of the smith • Qualification : • Heat treatments • - annealing • - quenching • Welding • etc... Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg V. Serneels, S. Perret

  11. Smithing slags • Contribution to slag formation : • Hot oxidation •  FeO Formation of a slag rich in iron oxides : • Related to time / temperature • Related to the size of the section Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg V. Serneels, S. Perret

  12. Smithing slags • Contribution to slag formation : • Hot oxidation •  FeO Formation of a slag rich in iron oxides : • Related to time / temperature • Related to the size of the section Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg V. Serneels, S. Perret

  13. Smithing slags Formation of a slag with iron particles : • Contribution to slag formation : • Hot oxidation •  FeO • Poorly consolidated metal •  Fe Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg V. Serneels, S. Perret

  14. Smithing slags • Contribution to slag formation : • Hot oxidation •  FeO • Poorly consolidated metal •  Fe • Use of flux •  SiO2 Formation of a slag rich in silica : Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg V. Serneels, S. Perret

  15. Smithing slags • Contribution to slag formation : • Hot oxidation •  FeO • Poorly consolidated metal •  Fe • Use of flux •  SiO2 • Other effects •  K2O, CaO, SiO2 , Al2O3... Other elements participate with various chemical elements : Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg V. Serneels, S. Perret

  16. Smithing slags • PCB : Plano-convex bottom slags • Characteristic morphology • Most typical smithing residue Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg V. Serneels, S. Perret

  17. Smithing slags • PCB : Plano-convex bottom slags • Characteristic morphology • Most typical smithing residue • 1 cooling structure •  Formed between lighthing and extinguishing of the fire • 1 unit of work 1 day ? Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg V. Serneels, S. Perret

  18. Smithing slags • Variability of PCB slags : • Dimensions and weight As a general rule : The weight is proportional to the quantity of work Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg V. Serneels, S. Perret

  19. Smithing slags • Variability of PCB slags : • Dimensions and weight • Shape Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg V. Serneels, S. Perret

  20. Smithing slags • Variability of PCB slags : • Dimensions and weight • Shape Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg V. Serneels, S. Perret

  21. Smithing slags • Variability of PCB slags : • Dimensions and weight • Shape • Composition Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg V. Serneels, S. Perret

  22. Smithing slags Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg V. Serneels, S. Perret

  23. Smithing slags • PCB : Plano-convex bottom slags • Weight of PCB = quantity of work • Composition of PCB = Type of work • Assembly of PCBs  activity of a workshop Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg V. Serneels, S. Perret

  24. Examples of PCB assemblies from Switzerland Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg V. Serneels, S. Perret

  25. Examples of PCB assemblies from Switzerland Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg V. Serneels, S. Perret

  26. Vincent Serneels Sébastien Perret Mineralogy and PetrographyDepartement of GeoscienceUniversity of FribourgSwitzerland vincent.serneels@unifr.ch sebastien.perret@unifr.ch www.unifr.ch/mineral/archmet

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