Behavioral Health in the PCMH: Making it Work in Small and Medium Sized Independent Practices

1. Behavioral Health in the PCMH: Making it Work in Small and Medium Sized Independent Practices Lori Zeman, PhD, Licensed Psychologist Director of Behavioral Health Integration, MedNetOne Health Solutions Lzeman@mednetone.net Michigan Primary Care Consortium Symposium 4/29/14

2. Objectives • Define why it is important to integrate behavioral health into the PCMH • Discuss ways behavioral health and physical health can be integrated to improve care • Identify important considerations and implementation strategies for your setting

3. Behavioral Health CategoriesWarranting Attention in Primary Care • Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders • Health Behaviors • Psychological factors that do not meet criteria for mental heath diagnoses but exacerbate physical symptoms and impact health behaviors

4. Prevalence of Mental Health Conditions in Primary Care Psychiatric disorders prevalence • Major Depression 10 to 24% • Panic Disorder 6 to 16% • Other Anxiety Disorders 7 to 21% • Alcohol Abuse 7 to 17% • Any Psychiatric Diagnosis 28 to 52%

5. Trajectory of Mental Illness • 50% of all life-time MH disorders start by age 14 • 90% of all substance addictions start in the teens • First symptoms of MI typically occur 2 to 4 years before full-blown disorder • Despite effective treatments, the average delay between onset of symptoms and interventions is 8 to 10 years

6. Behavioral Health Needs Are Not Adequately Addressed • 50% of people with major depression do not get detected • 40 to 60% of those get minimal guideline concordant care for antidepressant dose and duration • <10% get empirically validated psychotherapy • 67% with any behavioral health disorders do not get treatment (Kessler et al, 2005)

7. Low Follow Through to MH Referrals Primary Care Clinic Mental Health Clinic Patients who refuse referral tend to be high utilizers with unexplained physical symptoms

8. People Access Mental Health Care in Primary Care • 49.6% of people getting MH treatment get it in primary care • National Comorbidity Survey-Replication, Kessler et al, 2005 • 92% of all elderly patients receive MH care from PCP • PCPs prescribe: • ~67% of all psycho-tropics • ~80% of antidepressants

9. Missed Opportunities • More than 80% of all children and 70% of adolescents see a physician at least once each year, and more than 50% have routine health visits • 23% of pediatricians and family physicians routinely screen their adolescent patients for MH disorders • When pediatricians rely on clinical judgment 40 to 80% of children with developmental or MH problems are missed

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11. 10 Most Common Complaints in Adult Primary Care • Chest Pain • Fatigue • Dizziness • Headache • Back Pain • Swelling • Insomnia • Abdominal Pain • Numbness • Shortness of Breath 10 to15% had identifiable organic basis Kroenke & Mangelsdorf (1989) Am J Med; Strosahl et al. (1998); Kaiser; APA

12. Common Chronic Medical Conditions that Have Significant Behavioral Health Components • Pain • Hypertension • Asthma • Diabetes • Sleep disorders • HIV • Cardiovascular Disease • Irritable Bowel Syndrome • Obesity • Sexual Dysfunction

13. Health Behaviors • Behaviors or Unhealthy Behaviors • Smoking 25% • Poor Diet 30% • Sedentary lifestyles 50% • Non-Adherence 20 to 50% • Risky sexual behavior • Poor sleep hygiene

15. High Costs of Unmet BH Needs and Fragmented Care • BH disorders account for half as many disability days as “all” physical conditions (Merikangas et al., Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007) • Untreated mental disorders in chronic illness is projected to cost commercial and Medicare purchasers between $130 and $350 billion annually (Hertz et al, 2002)

16. Annual Medical Expenditures for Adults with and without a MH Condition

17. Impact of Psychological Factors on Overall Health: • HERO study in Birmingham Alabama • Study of 46,000 workers at several major US companies • Medical costs 70% higher among individuals with untreated depression • Medical costs 46% higher among individuals reporting uncontrolled and untreated stress

18. Top 10 Health Conditions Driving Costs for Employers (Med + Rx + Absenteeism + Presenteeism) Costs/1000 FTEs Loeppke, et al., JOEM. 2009. 18

19. Improved Outcomes and Lower Costs With BH Integration • Medical use decreased 15.7% for those receiving behavioral health treatment while controls who did not get behavioral health medical use increased 12.3%(Chiles et al., Clinical Psychology) • Depression treatment in primary care for those with diabetes $896 lower total health care cost over 24 months(Katonet al., Diabetes Care. 2006) • Depression treatment in primary care $3,300 lower total health care cost over 48 months(Unützeret al., Am J of Mgd Care )

20. The Affordable Care Act Requires mental health and substance abuse coverage as one of the 10 essential health benefits

21. Integrated Behavioral Health Helps Meet PCMH Core Principals • Whole Person Orientation: majority of personal health care in primary care • Coordinated Integrated Care: Personalized care across acute and chronic problems, to include prevention and focus on the physical, social, environmental, emotional, behavioral and cognitive aspects of health care.

22. Integrated Behavioral Health Helps Meet PCMH Core Principals • Enhanced Access: Time to third available appointment and same day access to the range of health care needs the patient has to include addressing in primary care by the team mental/behavioral health and health behavior change. • Payment for Added ValueEnhance evidence-based screening, assessment and intervention for mental/behavioral health, substance misuse and abuse and health behavior change, that improves acute and long-term outcome, patient and provider satisfaction, decreases monthly cost for enrolled population, decreases ER visits, and prevents/decreases hospitalizations (i.e. medical and psychiatric).

24. NCQA PCMH High-Level Goal for 2014: Further Integrate Behavioral Health • Element 2E delineates unhealthy behaviors and conditions related to mental health or substance abuse and evaluates capability to provide care reminders and use clinical decision support. • Element 1E asks practices to communicate the scope of services available including how behavioralhealth concerns are addressed. • Element 4B (Referrals) includes specific factors on establishing relationships with behavioral health providers.

25. Roles for BH Providers in Primary Care • Screening and/or follow-up assessment (should have good diagnostic skills) • Program development: evaluation, treatment and follow-up protocols • 2-way coordination with community resources, schools, specialty mental health • Develop referral resource book • Brief interventions

26. Roles for BH Providers in Primary Care (continued) • Patient education/Anticipatory guidance • Handouts • Workshops • Consult to medical providers • Address health behaviors • Help medical providers around engagement with patients and families • Quality improvement initiatives

27. Integrated Care Models

28. Enhanced Referral (PCMH-N) • Identify partners • Preferential referral relationship • Referrals followed by phone calls and ongoing collaboration • Effort to reduce barriers • Shared information

29. Telehealth Specialist serves as consultant via telephone or video-conferencing

30. Disease/Care Management • Formalized screening • PCP training • Patient education • Follow-up care • Care manager • Psychiatrist consultant/supervisor

31. Colocated • BH and PC offer services in same physical location. • PCPs typically refer to BH. • Each has own traditional practice patterns, separate administrative and record systems. .

32. Fully Integrated: Primary Care Behavioral Health (PCBH) BH and primary care providers are considered part of the same team, not specialists within a clinic Care is co-managed Shared appointments, treatment plans

33. If you have seen one integrated care program … you have seen one integrated care program

34. One size does not fit all – Understand factors important for integration success in YOUR setting

35. AAP Mental Health Practice Readiness Inventory What does your practice do not so well? What does your practice do well? http://pediatricmentalhealth.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/a8-mh-practice-readiness-inventory.pdf

36. Considerations • What do you want to accomplish? • Who is your target population? • How will they be identified? • Perform a needs analysis • Determine available financial mechanisms

38. Business Arrangements With BH Provider • Independent contractor (e.g., an individual or an organization such as a clinic or a PO) • Formal business agreement • Can be billed under separate Tax ID or same Tax ID with BH provider paid via collections or flat hourly fee • Employed member of practice • Billed under same Tax ID • Partner model • Share risk • Same Tax ID

39. How Will BH Provider Be Compensated? • Percent of collections • Hourly rate • RVU/productivity • Share of P4P

40. Funding Streams • Fee-for-service • Capitation • Pay for Performance • Flexible infrastructure support • Case rates to cover prevention and care management of chronic conditions • Grants/Demonstration projects • Carve-ins versus Carve-outs • Increased physician productivity (BHP frees up PCP time)

41. Fee-For-Service Options • Traditional mental health codes - 90791-92, 90832, 90834, 90837, 90833, 90836, 09838, 90839, 90840, 90846, 90847, 90849, 90853 –psychiatric evaluation, psychotherapy, and psychological testing • Health and Behavior codes (H & B) - 96150-96155 • Chronic Care Management Codes – T1015, T1019, G-codes • Interdisciplinary team conference codes – 99366-99368

42. Fee-For-Service Options (continued) Screening and Brief Intervention (SBI) for Substance Use

43. Fee-For-Service Options (continued) • Incident-to physician billing • Optimizing physician E & M coding • Other – Medicare Advantage Hierarchical Condition Category (HCC) Payment Methodology • HCC Code 55 (Depression) adds ~ $300 to monthly payment • Not implemented yet in Michigan

44. Billing Challenges • Covered codes vary by payer • PCP and BH not always on same insurance panels • Carve-outs: disincentive for BH to address medical • Multiple co-pays at same visit • Some payers won’t cover 2 visits on same day • Prior authorization

45. Considerations • What performance metrics do you want to impact? • Financial implications • Target your resources to priority areas • Select evidence based strategies • Determine appropriate metrics to evaluate success • Use of patient registry • Amount of BH provider time needed

46. Considerations • Logistics: • Space, • Scheduling, • Patient flow – referral process • Information sharing • Confidentiality, consent • Skill set of medical and BH staff • Who is your optimal partner? • Training needs

47. Desirable Characteristics of MH Providers in Primary Care Clinics • Flexible, adaptable to fast pace, unpredictable schedules • Comfortable with ambiguity, think on their feet • Enjoy teamwork • Comfortable in brief, sometimes one-session interventions • Strong diagnostic skills; Trained in EBT • Understand BH problems common in primary care (somatization, chronic pain, non-adherence, lifestyle changes necessary for comorbid chronic illnesses) • Naturally gravitate towards Motivational Interviewing

48. Implementation Tips • Identify integration champion(s) • Solicit input from people in all roles • Solicit patient/family input • Assess current practices • Build on strengths

49. Implementing Tips (continued) • Map the workflow • Establish tracking system - goals

50. Implementing Tips (continued) • Conduct staff orientations • Engage all staff • Inform patients and families • scripts • Start small, pilot first • Address obstacles • Modify as needed