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学习 《UCP600》. 一。什么是 《UCP》 ?. 《UCP》 是“ Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits” 的缩写。中文译作 《 跟单信用证统一惯例 》 ,简称“统一惯例”。 《UCP》 是国际商会出版的一份关于跟单信用证业务的惯例条文,是指导、规范、制约跟单信用证业务的重要国际惯例。. 二。跟单信用证 ( Documentary Letter of Credit). 1. 跟单信用证简介. 国际结算方式. 汇款 (Remittance) 托收 (Collection)
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一。什么是《UCP》? • 《UCP》是“Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits”的缩写。中文译作《跟单信用证统一惯例》,简称“统一惯例”。 • 《UCP》是国际商会出版的一份关于跟单信用证业务的惯例条文,是指导、规范、制约跟单信用证业务的重要国际惯例。
二。跟单信用证(Documentary Letter of Credit) 1. 跟单信用证简介
国际结算方式 • 汇款 (Remittance) • 托收 (Collection) • 信用证 (Letter of Credit) • 迟期付款 (Deferred Payment) • 寄售 (Consignment) • 补偿贸易 (Compensation Trade) • 易货 (Barter) ./.
来料加工 (Processing with incoming Materials) • 赊帐 (Open Account) • 福费庭 (Forfaiting) • 货帐保理 (Factoring),等。 经常使用的结算方式是:汇款、托收、信用证。最主要的、广泛使用的是“信用证结算方式”
信用证结算方式 Country A Country B 发货 Company A Company B 交易合同 通知信用证 付款赎单 申请开证 付款 交单 开证 Bank A Bank B 议付寄单 付款
信用证结算方式付款的依据是“单据”,故称为“跟单信用证”(Documentary Letter of Credit 或Documentary Credit)简称“信用证”(Credit或L/C)
信用证的定义 • UCP500第二条对信用证做了详细的定义. • 国际商会还曾提到了一个简单的定义: “Letter of Credit is a conditional Bank undertaking of payment”
“…… they (documents) appear, on their face, to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit” • “Documents which appear on their face to be inconsistent with one another will be considered as not appearing on their face to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit” - UCP500 Article 13 -
一套单据代表着一批货物,掌握了单据就掌握了货物;转移了单据就转移了货物,而且使得货物转移合法化,这就是“货物单据化”(Documentization of Goods)。 • 因为有了“货物单据化”,银行才可能介入国际贸易办理结算。
2. 信用证当事人 (1)开证申请人(Applicant)- the party that applies for the opening of the Credit; ./.
“Instructions for the issuance of a Credit, the Credit itself, instructions for an amendment thereto, and the amendment itself, must be complete and precise” • “All instructions for the issuance of a Credit and the Credit itself and, where applicable, all instructions for an amendment thereto and the amendment itself, must state precisely the documents against which payment, acceptance or negotiation is to be made” - UCP500 Article 5 -
“The Applicant bears the risk of any ambiguity in its instructions to issue or amend a Credit” - 《ISBP》 Paragraph 2 -
(2)开证行(Issuing Bank)- The Bank that issues the Credit; • (3)通知行(Advising Bank)- The Bank that advises the Credit and/or amendment at the request of the Issuing Bank;
“A Credit may be advised to a Beneficiary through another bank (the “Advising Bank”) without engagement on the part of the Advising Bank, but that bank, if it elects to advise the Credit, shall take reasonable care to check the apparent authenticity of the Credit it advises” - UCP500 Article 7 -
信用证通过第二通知行通知(Second Advising Bank) 受益人 开证申请人 通知 申请开证 第二通知行 经第二通知行通知 通知行 开证 开证行
“By advising the credit or amendment, the second advising bank signifies that it has checked the apparent authenticity of the advice it has received and that the advice accurately reflect the terms and conditions of the credit or amendment that has been received” - UCP 600 Article 9c -
(4)受益人(Beneficiary) - The party in whose favour the credit is issued;
(5)议付行(Negotiating Bank) – The bank authorized to negotiate documents under the credit; • “Negotiation means the giving of value for Draft(s) and/or document(s) by the bank authorized to negotiate. Mere examination of the documents without giving of value does not constitute negotiation. - UCP500 Article 10b -
(6)付款行(Paying Bank) – The bank on whom the draft is to be drawn; • (7)承兑行(Accepting Bank) – The bank that accepts the usance draft and pay at maturity;
(8)保兑行(Confirming Bank) – The bank that adds its confirmation to a credit; • “A confirmation of an irrevocable Credit by another bank (the “confirming Bank”) upon the authorization or request of the Issuing Bank, constitutes a definite undertaking of the Confirming Bank, in addition to that of the Issuing Bank ………..” - UCP500 Article 9b -
(9)偿付行(Reimbursing Bank) – The bank authorized by the issuing bank to honour claims from the negotiating bank. • 如果信用证规定向第三者索偿,则议付行就成了“索汇行”(Claiming Bank).偿付行多为开证行的帐户行。
受益人 开证申请人 交单 通知 付款 申请 通知、议付、索汇行 开证 开证行 议付寄单 借记开证行帐户 索汇 偿付 授权偿付 偿付行
“An Issuing Bank shall not be relieved from any of its obligations to provide reimbursement if and when reimbursement is not received by the Claiming Bank from the Reimbursing Bank” • “The Issuing Bank shall be responsible to the Claiming Bank for any loss of interest if reimbursement is not provided by the Reimbursing Bank on first demand …..” - UCP500 Article 19 – 关于第三者偿付,国际商会有专门规则《Uniform Rules for Bank-to-Bank Reimbursements under Documentary Credits》,国际商会编号第525号出版物。
3。 信用证的独立性 • “Credits, by their nature, are separate transactions from the sales or other contract(s) on which they may be based and banks are in no way concerned with or bound by such contract(s), even if any reference whatsoever to such contract(s) is included in the Credit” - UCP500 Article 3 -
“In Credit operations all parties concerned deal with documents and not with goods, services and/or other performance to which the documents may relate” - UCP500 Article 4 – • “The terms of a credit are independent of the underlying transaction even if a credit expressly refers to that transaction” - 《ISBP》Paragraph 1 -
对信用证的简单理解 • 信用证是银行开立的付款保证文件,因而它属于“银行信用”; • 信用证独立于交易和合约之外; • 银行向受益人承诺付款; • 付款的依据是单据,单据表面必须符合信用证条款,单单之间必须一致; • 在信用证业务中,开证银行承担着第一性付款责任,单证相符银行必须付款,单证不符银行有权拒付。
信用证能否保障买卖双方的利益? 答复是“不能说有100%的保证”。因为存在着以下情况: • 对于卖方 单证不符银行可以拒付;开证申请人或开证行挑剔单据、拒绝付款。
拒付事例 • 其一 • 国外来证要求货物装船后,通知买方的“装船通知”中要注明: “Name of Shipping Company’s agent at destination” ./.
受益人装船后发传真,文为: “……………………….. Shipping Company’s agent at destination: Royal Building 38 Broadway 12th Floor, Room 1204 xxx city xxx Country Tel: xxxxxxxx Fax: xxxxxxxx Contact person: Mr. Brown”
其二 “Bill of Lading date”和“on board notation”日期图章颜色不一样,因而拒付; • 其三 开证行以未提交产地证拒付,但实际已提交; • 信用证地址中的“No.”单据中作成了“No”而拒付。议付行争辩时,开证行的答复是“ No. and No are different in meaning”。
对于买方 有单证诈骗风险。因为信用证的特征(1)信用证业务中有关方面处理的是单据;(2)凭表面符合信用证条款的单据必须付款;(3)银行对于单据的格式、真伪、法律效力等都不负责任.这就使得诈骗分子有可乘之机,伪造单据,骗取货款。
为了保障自身的利益, • (一)卖方制做单据要符合信用证条款,以保证凭信用证安全收汇;买方要根据信用证条款严格审好单据,防止诈骗。 • (二)只与信用可靠的客户进行贸易。
惠布尔先生曾说过: “Letter of Credit can not police the transactions” “Do business with reliable customers, and not with rogues”
三。《UCP》是跟单信用证发展的必然产物 • “UCP”(跟单信用证统一惯例)简称 “统一惯例” ,已经有70多年的历史了. • 在 “统一惯例”诞生以前,跟单信用证业务曾遇到一些困难.国际贸易买卖双方和他们的银行,分别在两个国家,习惯法律各不相同,加之语言隔阂,经常会对信用证条款有不同的理解和掌握,在单据是否符合信用证条款问题上,发生争议.
例如: • “分批装运” - 如果信用证没有规定,允许还是不允许? • “转运” - 如果信用证没有规定,允许还是不允许? • “大约” – 幅度如何掌握? • “到期日是银行假日” – 如何掌握?等等.
双方各执己见,各说各有理,难以判定谁是谁非.特别在价格暴跌货物滞销时,开证申请人和开证银行又会在信用证条款上做文章,挑剔单据,拒绝付款,因而争议、纠纷、诉讼不断发生,影响了跟单信用证的使用和国际贸易的发展.双方各执己见,各说各有理,难以判定谁是谁非.特别在价格暴跌货物滞销时,开证申请人和开证银行又会在信用证条款上做文章,挑剔单据,拒绝付款,因而争议、纠纷、诉讼不断发生,影响了跟单信用证的使用和国际贸易的发展. • 在此情况下,客观上就产生了要求,希望跟单信用证业务能够有一套统一的定义和解释,以便统一掌握尺度,约束有关各方共同遵守。
客观事实说明:有了跟单信用证就必然地要产生 “统一惯例”,以规范跟单信用证业务,促进跟单信用证业务的发展.所以, “统一惯例”是跟单信用证业务发展的必然产物.
四。《UCP》的作用及影响 • 规定了跟单信用证的定义; • 明确了有关各方的责任; • 统一了审单掌握标准; • 澄清了含混问题; • 解决和避免了争议和纠纷; • “统一惯例”已经为许多国家法庭所接受作为处理跟单信用证纠纷的判案依据. ./.
我国最高人民法院于2005年11月14日发出公告,颁布了“最高人民法院关于审理信用证纠纷案件若干问题的规定”,2006年1月1日起实行。我国最高人民法院于2005年11月14日发出公告,颁布了“最高人民法院关于审理信用证纠纷案件若干问题的规定”,2006年1月1日起实行。 • 《UCP》对于银行国际结算业务和国际贸易业务,是一份重要的指导性惯例文献。
五。《UCP》的修订 • 最近几个版本的修订情况: 国际商会编号开始实施日期实施结束日期实际实施时间 222(1962修订本) 1963/7/1 1975/9/30 12年3个月 290(1974修订本) 1975/10/1 1984/9/30 9年 400(1983修订本) 1984/10/1 1993/12/1 9年3个月 500(1993修订本) 1994/1/1 将于2007/6/30结束 12年6个月
以上说明了大约10年左右,《UCP》就要修订一次。以上说明了大约10年左右,《UCP》就要修订一次。 • 《UCP500》修订工作开始于2003年5月。国际商会成立了一个9人组成的“起草小组”(Drafting Group)着手修订。
起草小组在条文中注意了银行、运输、保险业务的发展;研究了语言及写作风格;删除了互相矛盾的词语和解释。重点研究并解决了下列问题:起草小组在条文中注意了银行、运输、保险业务的发展;研究了语言及写作风格;删除了互相矛盾的词语和解释。重点研究并解决了下列问题: 1。“on their face” 2 。“reasonable time” 3。使用“Banks”还是“Parties” 4。迟期付款是否允许“贴现” ./.
5。运输行单据 • 6。专有名词是否大写 • 7。无单条款 • 8。是否保留“negotiation”方式 • 9。《ISBP》 • 10。“Position Paper”
六。《UCP600》条文与《UCP500》条文的对比 1。精简条文 “UCP600”条文由原来“UCP500”的49条压缩为现在的39条,原来重要内容和原则,并无遗漏。
2。增加新内容 • 对跟单信用证业务中的一些重要词语做了定义。 例如:Credit Applicant Issuing Bank Confirming Bank Advising Bank,等
采用新词汇 “honour” Honour means: • to pay at sight if the credit is available by sight payment. • to incur a deferred payment undertaking and pay at maturity if credit available by deferred payment. c. to accept a bill of exchange (“draft”) drawn by the beneficiary and pay at maturity if the credit is available by acceptance.
“UCP600”对 “negotiation”的定义,有针对性地加写了 “by either advancing or agreeing to advance funds to the beneficiary”,使得 “付给对价”(giving value)的意义更加明确. • 增加了新词语 “complying presentation”的定义,发展了 “单证相符”的概念.
《UCP600》对于拒付后的单据处理方式,在原来“holding at disposal”或“returning to presenter”的基础上又增加了两项选择:(1)“until receipt of waiver”;(2)“acting according to instructions previously received”。