Abolition Movement Leaders & Their Vision

1. Lesson 14.4a: The Abolition Movement Today we will identify major leaders of the abolition movement and their viewpoints.

2. 14.4Essential Question In what ways did the spread of democracy lead to calls for freedom for slaves, and more rights for women?

3. Today’s Vocabulary • identify – point out or describe • major – big or important • abolition movement – organized effort to end slavery • viewpoint – how someone sees or thinks about something

4. Before the early 1830s, slavery was discussed calmly. Since slavery was banned in the North, most of the early abolitionists were southerners.

5. The first abolitionists were Quakers, who believed that all people had the same `spark of divinity,' making slavery immoral. Quakers were among the first to free their slaves. Some Quakers traveled the countryside urging slave-owners to free their slaves.

6. But because of the increasing profitability of cotton production, Quakers were not able to influence many slave-owners.

7. In the 1820s, a large anti-slavery movement emerged, supported by southerners and represented by organizations such as the American Colonization Society.

8. While those who believed in colonization opposed slavery, they also believed that blacks and whites could not live together in harmony. Therefore, while they urged slave-owners to free their slaves, they also raised money to pay for the transportation of free blacks to West Africa.

9. President James Monroe, Chief Justice John Marshall and House Speaker Henry Clay were supporters of the colonization movement.

10. For a time, even Southern slave-owners who rejected abolition often supported colonization of free blacks.

11. By 1860, nearly 11,000 blacks had gone to Liberia in West Africa, and helped found and build that country. But most blacks refused colonization, insisting that the U. S. was their home.

12. How did those who supported colonization work against slavery? • Helped runaway slaves escape to freedom. • Tried to demonstrate how blacks and whites could live side by side • Tried to find highly intelligent African Americans to show that blacks were not inferior to whites • Raised money to send freed slaves back to Africa

13. William Lloyd Garrison was one of the mostuncompromising abolitionists of his day. • He said slave-owners were evil and should not receive reimburse-ment for slaves freed by legislation. • Abolition must be complete, immediate, and without compensation.

14. Garrison didn't care what other social or economic problems might be caused by immediate emancipation. • His words were so extreme and so harsh that he alienated many people who might otherwise have supported his cause.

15. In the South, Garrison was despised as one who encouraged slaves to revolt. Copies of his antislavery newspaper “The Liberator” were banned, and a $5,000 reward was offered to anyone who would capture Garrison and bring him to Georgia to stand trial.

16. “I am aware that many object to the severity of my language; but is there not cause for severity? I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. On this subject I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. . . I will not equivocate – I will not excuse – I will not retreat a single inch – and I WILL BE HEARD!” -- William Lloyd Garrison

17. 1. How did William Lloyd Garrison work to end slavery? • Published an antislavery newspaper • Introduced an Constitutional amendment to abolish slavery • Supported the colonization movement • Published a collection of newspaper articles detailing the horrors of slavery • Wrote Washington and Jefferson to urge their support for abolition

18. Former President John Quincy Adams fought the ‘gag rule’ and supported Weld’s work. • As a member of the House of Representatives, he read Weld’s antislavery petitions in Congress. • He introduced a consti-tutional amendment to ban slavery throughout the United States.

19. Adams also took part in the Amistad case. • African prisoners aboard the slave ship Amistad had rebelled, and seized the ship. • Adams successfully argued their case in the U.S. Supreme Court. • The Africans were granted their freedom and were allowed to return to Africa.

20. 2. How did John Quincy Adams work against slavery in Congress? • Introduced the ‘gag rule’ • Introduced an amendment to abolish slavery • Defended the Amistad defendants • Published a collection of newspaper articles detailing the horrors of slavery • Read antislavery petitions in Congress Write down the letter of everytrue response to this question!

21. In the North, free blacks could become involved in the abolition movement. Some black abolitionists had once been slaves themselves, and could tell of slavery's horrors based on personal experience.

22. Henry Highland Garnett andFrederick Douglass were rivals for black abolitionist leadership, and they demonstrated the divisions within the movement.

23. Henry Highland Garnett was the more militant of the two, and as early as 1843 was calling for slaves to rise up against their owners and make themselves free.

24. Garnett believed that any violence done by slaves in the act of freeing themselves was justified on the grounds of self defense. His stated belief was that it was better to die free than live as slaves.

25. Frederick Douglass was the best orator, black or white, in the movement. He had escaped slavery as a youth, taught himself to read and write, and published his Autobiography in 1845.

26. Like William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglasspublished an antislavery newspaper, The North Star. • He disagreed with Garnett on the role of violence in abolition, but not on the degrad-ations of slavery.

27. He worked tirelessly with White politicians and social leaders throughout the 1840s and `50s, and beyond the Civil War. Until his death in 1895, Douglass spoke out on behalf of Black equality, the rights of working people, and for the right of women to vote.

28. 3. What were Frederick Douglass’ contributions to the abolitionist movement? • Published an autobiography about his life as a slave • Encouraged slaves to rise up violently against their masters • Made many public speeches against slavery • Sponsored an antislavery amendment in Congress • Published an antislavery newspaper Write down the letter of everytrue response to this question!

29. Black women such as Sojourner Truth and Harriet Tubman also played major roles in the antislavery movement.

30. Sojourner Truth had been born a slave, and although she was illiterate, Truth was a powerful speaker who sometimes used songs she had composed in her speeches.

31. Harriet Tubman was a runaway slave from Maryland. She aided the movement by working as a ‘conductor’ on the Underground Railroad.

32. Some abolitionists helped slaves escape to freedom along the Underground Railroad. • Nether a railroad nor underground • Informal network of abolitionists who hid runaway slaves fleeing to Canada • Traveled secretly from house to house • Aided by ‘conductors’ (sympathetic whites and free blacks) along the way

33. At the risk of her own freedom and safety, Tubman returned to slave states nineteen time to guide other blacks to freedom.

34. 4. How did Sojourner Truth fight for abolition? • Published an autobiography about her life as a slave • Worked on the Underground Railroad to help runaway slaves escape to freedom • Encouraged slaves to rise up violently against their masters • Made many public speeches against slavery • Published an antislavery newspaper

35. 5. How did runaway slaves escape to freedom on the Underground Railroad? • Worked as laborers on trains until they could escape to a free state • Dug tunnels for the railway as they waited for the right moment to escape • Moved from house to house at night, working their way north • Sneaked onto trains at night as their masters slept and fled to freedom

36. 6. How did Harriet Tubman fight against slavery? • Read antislavery petitions in Congress • Published an autobiography about her life as a slave • Made many public speeches against slavery • Worked on the Underground Railroad to help runaway slaves escape to freedom • Published an antislavery newspaper

37. Lesson 14.4b: The Women’s Suffrage Movement Today we will identify major leaders of the women’s suffrage movement.

38. Vocabulary • suffrage – the right to vote • women’s suffrage movement – organized efforts to bring the right to vote to women • grievance – a complaint or a wrong to be righted

39. What We Already Know Women had been veryactive in the abolition movement for years.

40. What We Already Know Many people in that time considered those actions inappropriate for women.

41. Underground Railroad • Created to help runaway slaves • Above ground series of escape routes from the South to the North • Runaways traveled by night and hid by day in places called ‘stations’ (stables, attics, cellars)

42. Harriet Tubman was a ‘conductor’ who risked her life leading people to freedom on the Underground Railroad she escaped slavery in 1849 made 19 dangerous journeys to free enslaved people $40,000 bounty on her head “…I never lost a passenger.”

43. Sojourner Truth and the Grimke sisters had given public speechesagainstslavery.

44. Grimke Sisters • Grew up on Southern plantation • Believed slavery morally wrong • Moved to North & lectured in public against slavery even though women weren’t suppose to lecture in public • Helped send petitions to Congress

45. Skilled speakers, writers, and organizers began to emerge. Sojourner Truth, famous for her abolitionist speeches, also spoke powerfully on behalf of women’s rights. Maria Mitchell was a famous astronomer whose Quaker upbringing taught that men and women were intellectually equal. She helped found the Association for the Advancement of Women in1873.

46. Sojourner Truth was born a slave… Fled in 1827 and lived with Quakers who set her free Devout Christian who spoke openly for abolition of slavery Drew huge crowds in the North when she spoke

47. Women abolitionists were not always welcome. Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were not allowed to speak at the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London in 1840, and even had to remain seated behind a curtain.

48. Some men were sympathetic, but most men agreed: womenshouldstay out ofpublic life.

49. Anti-SlaveryNewspapers The North Star Frederick Douglass

50. William Lloyd Garrison “The Liberator”