EMERGING EUROPE & MIDDLE AGES

1. EMERGING EUROPE & MIDDLE AGES

2. CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE • The Roman Empire began to fall apart soon after Charlemagne’s deathin 814. • By 844, the empire had been divided into three kingdoms by Charlemagne’s grandsons. • Invasions also added to the disintegration. Romans could not defend their borders. • The beginning of the DARK AGES: • --Little formal education for the masses. • The fall of Rome leads to FEUDALISM.

3. INVASION • Muslims invaded southern France, and the Magyars from western Asia settled on the plains of Hungary and invaded western Europe. • The Vikings, a Scandinavian peoples, invaded Europe, sacking towns, destroying churches, raping and stealing women, and defeating armies.

5. THE VIKINGS • The Vikings were superb warriors, sailors, and shipbuilders. • Their famous dragon ships were long and narrow with carved, arched prows that carried about 50 men. • These dragon ships allowed sailing up shallow rivers to attack inland.

6. VIKING SETTLEMENTS • By the mid-9th century Franks eventually settled and Christianized the Vikings. • In 911, a Frankish ruler gave a band of Vikings the land that became known as Normandy.

8. THE DEVELOPMENT OF FEUDALISM

9. FEUDALISM • Invaders posed a threat to the safety of the people, especially in the absence of a strong central government. • People began to turn to local landed aristocrats or nobles to protect them. • This change led to the new political, social system called feudalism.

11. VASSELAGE • Feudalism arose between 800 and 900 and thrived for 400 years. • At the heart of this system was the idea of vassalage. • It came from Germanic society, where warriors swore an oath to their leader. • By the 8th century, a man who served a lord militarily was known as a vassal.

13. KNIGHTS • For the next 500 years, heavily armored cavalry called knights dominated warfare. • They had great prestige and formed the backbone of theEuropean aristocracy.

14. SOCIAL HIERARCHY • In the Early Middle-Ages (500-1000), wealth was based on owning land. • There was little trade. • When nobles wanted men to fight for them, they granted the vassal a piece of land that supported the vassal and his family.

16. LOYALTY & LAND • The relationship between lord and vassal was made official by a public act of homage of vassal to the lord. • Loyalty to one’s lord was feudalism’s chief virtue.

17. FIEF • By the 9th century the land the lord granted to a vassal was known as a fief. • Vassals had political authority in their fiefs. • The number of separate powerful lords and vassals increased; many different people were now responsible for keeping order.

18. FEUDAL CONTRACT • Feudalism became complicated. • Kings had vassals who themselves had vassals. • Feudalism came to be characterized by a set of unwritten rules known as the feudal contract. • These rules determined the relationship between lord and vassal. • The major obligation of a vassal was military service, about 40 days a year.

19. CASTLES • The growing number of castles made visible the growth of the nobility in the High Middle Ages (1000-1300). • Castles were the permanent residences and fortresses. • Castles had two parts; • The Motte- a natural or artificially created hill • The Bailey- an open space.

21. THE KEEP • The castle’s central building, the keep, was built on the motte. • All were encircled by large, stone walls. • The keep included a great hall where the lord held court and received visitors, and people ate and even slept. • As lords got wealthier, the castles became more complex and ornate.

22. ENGLAND IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES

23. WILLIAM OF NORMANDY • Since King Alfred the Great had united various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the late 9th century, Anglo-Saxon kings had ruled England. • In 1066, an army commanded by William of Normandy defeated King Harold of England at the Battle of Hastings. • William was crowned King of England.

24. DOMESDAY BOOK • The French speaking Normans and the Anglo-Saxon nobility gradually merged into a new English culture. • William took the first census in western Europe since Roman times, known as the Domesday Book. • He also developed the system of taxation and royal courts earlier Anglo-Saxon kings had begun.

25. HENRY II • Henry II, ruled from 1154-1189 and enlarged the power of the English monarchy. • He expanded the royal courts’ powers to cover more criminal and property cases. • Because royal courts were all over the land, a body of common law, law common to the whole kingdom, began to replace local codes.

26. THOMAS BECKET • Henry claimed he had the right to punish the clergy in royal courts. • Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, disagreed. • The angry king expressed his desire to be rid of Becket. • 4 knights took the challenge and killed the archbishop in the cathedral. • An outraged public caused Henry to back off his struggle with the Church.

27. MAGNA CARTA • Resenting the monarchy’s expanding power, many nobles rebelled against King John. • In 1215 at Runnymede, John was forced to agree to a document of rights called the Magna Carta, or Great Charter. • The Magna Carta limited the power of the King and granted citizens more rights.

28. EDWARD I • In the 13th century, during the reign of Edward I, the English Parliament emerged. • Parliament was an important step in developing a representative government. • Under Edward I, it granted taxes and passed laws.

29. THE REIGN OF JUSTINIAN

30. EMPEROR JUSTINIAN • Justinian became emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire in 527. • He wanted to restore the full Roman Empire. • By 527 he almost had, but only 3 years later he died and the Lombards conquered Italy. • Shortly after other areas were lost.

32. THE BODY OF CIVIL LAW • Justinian’s most important contribution was his codification of Roman law in the Body of Civil Law. • It was the basis of imperial law until the Eastern Roman Empire ended in 1453. • It also became the basis for the legal system in most of Europe.

33. FROM EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE TO BYZANTINE EMPIRE

34. CONSTANTINOPLE • Justinian’s conquests left the Eastern Roman Empire in serious trouble: • Too far from Constantinople to protect the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, • An empty treasury • A population decline due to plague • Threats along its frontier

35. ISLAM • The most serious challenge to the Eastern Roman Empire invasion by Islam which had created a powerful united Arab force. • First, the empire lost Syria and Palestine in 636. • In the north the Bulgars defeated the empire’s forces and created a kingdom in the lower Danube Valley.

37. BYZANTINE EMPIRE • By the beginning of the 8th century, the much reduced Eastern Roman Empire consisted only of the eastern Balkans and Asia Minor. • Historians call this the Byzantine Empire. • It was its own distinctive civilization and lasted until 1453.

39. BYZANTINE CULTURE • The Byzantine Empire was both Christian and Greek. • Greek became the empire’s official language, but the empire was built on the Eastern Orthodox Church.

40. PATRIARCH • The emperor’s power was absolute because he was seen as chosen by God and crowned in sacred ceremonies. • He exercised political control over the Church because he appointed the leader, called the Patriarch. • Byzantines believed that God had commanded their state to preserve the true Christian faith.

41. NEW HEIGHTS & NEW PROBLEMS

42. SCHISM POPE LEO IX PATRIARCH M.CERRLARIUS • The Eastern Orthodox would not accept the pope as the head of the Christian faith. • In 1084 Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael Cerularius excommunicated each other. • This created a schism or separation between these 2 branches of Christianity. • The schism has not completely healed even today.

43. SELJUK TURKS • The empire’s greatest threat was by the Seljuk Turks who moved into Asia Minor. • Asia Minor was the empire’s chief source of food and workers. • In 1071 a Turkish army defeated Byzantine forces at Manzikert. • Emperor Alexius I turned to Europe for help.

44. THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR • The most violent struggle during the Middle Ages began when King Philip VI of France seized Gascony in 1337. • He attempted to make the Dutch part of France. • King Edward III then declared war on Philip which lasted until 1453.

45. JOAN OF ARC • Joan of Arc was a French peasant woman who unexpectedly saved the timid king Charles of France. • She was a very religious Catholic girl who believed that the saints communicated to her that it was her duty to save France.

47. THE CRUSADES

48. PURPOSE OF THE CRUSADES • From the 11th to 13th centuries European Christians went on a series of military campaigns to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims, regarded as infidels (nonbelievers).

50. COUNCIL OF CLERMONT • Pope Urban II agreed to help Alexius I. • Among other reasons the Pope wanted to provide papal leadership for a great cause. • At the Council of Clermont in 1084, Pope Urban II urged Christians to take up arms in a holy war.