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PRESIDENTIAL COMPARISONS

PRESIDENTIAL COMPARISONS. jefferson-lincoln-wilson-truman-reagan. BINARY PAIDEIA. thomas jefferson. 3rd president, democratic-republican 1801-1809 born: april 13, 1743; virginia married: martha skelton; 1772- 6 vice president: aaron burr, george clinton

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PRESIDENTIAL COMPARISONS

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  1. PRESIDENTIAL COMPARISONS jefferson-lincoln-wilson-truman-reagan

  2. BINARY PAIDEIA

  3. thomas jefferson • 3rd president, democratic-republican • 1801-1809 • born: april 13, 1743; virginia • married: martha skelton; 1772- 6 • vice president: aaron burr, george clinton • key events: oh becomes a state; louisiana purchase; lewis and clark expedition; embargo act • died: july 4, 1826

  4. “A Bill of Rights is what the people are entitled to against every government, and what no just government should refuse, or rest on inference.”

  5. Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase The Louisiana Purchase doubled the area of the United States. This 1803 treaty with France extended the western U.S. boundary from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. Part or all of 15 states were later formed from this region.

  6. 1800- Napolean secures the territory from Spain land stretched west from Mississippi river to the rocky mountains and north to Canada *** lead to questions of trade and expansion Jefferson believed strengthen western lands west would remain loyal if federal gov’t insured a free outlet for goods into the Gulf of Mexico makes offer to France for land – ***$ 10 million for New Orleans and west Florida; send minister to Paris for negotiations; France declines. 1803: agreement is reached between US and France— total sale: $ 15 million Louisiana Purchase

  7. Louisiana Purchase Why sell the territory? • Caribbean Sea: wanted control of Santo Domingo as naval base • Revolutions: 1791- Haiti; recapture fails. • 1802-Look to conquer Europe, war w/ Britain: get rid of all colonies just in case GB wants them. • ***decide to save what could be saved. • American reaction • Worried that constitution did not allow for the buying of territory; thought an amendment was necessary • Strong opposition from federalists; eventually treaty is approved in 1803. • Lewis and Clark Expedition • 45 men • journals, specimens, maps • started in St. Louis (1804); returned (1806).

  8. Acquiring the Louisiana Territory Acquisition of Louisiana Territory In this succinct note to the newly appointed American minister to France, James Monroe, President Jefferson's outlines his reasons for acquiring New Orleans. This letter demonstrates that Jefferson's skillfully voiced arguments for a narrow construction of the constitution and limited powers of the federal government wavered in the face of the western states' demands for access to Mississippi ports and lands. In this instance, the balance shifted toward the proactive, federal government. His willingness to bend a central principle resulted in doubling the new country's land mass. Transfer of Louisiana Formal transfer of Upper Louisiana was made at St. Louis on March 9, 1804. President Jefferson appointed Capt. Amos Stoddard (1762-1813) of the United States Artillery as commissioner of the United States to receive the transfer. This engraving was done to commemorate the centennial of that event.

  9. abraham lincoln • 16th president, republican • 1861-1865 • born: february 12, 1809; kentucky • married: mary todd; 1842- 4 • vice president: hannibal hamlin, andrew johnson • key events: civil war; emancipation proclamation; gettysburg address; ks, wv, nv became states; confederacy surrenders • died: april 15, 1865

  10. "With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and his orphan - to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations."

  11. Lincoln and the Emancipation Proclamation The first reading of the Emancipation Proclamation before the cabinet.Painted by F.B. Carpenter ; engraved by A.H. Ritchie, c1866.(Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-2070 DLC)

  12. ELECTION OF 1860 • CANDIDATE ELECTORAL POP. % VOTE VOTE OF VOTE • A. LINCOLN R 180 1,865,593 39.8 • S. DOUGLAS D 12 1,382,713 29.5 • J. BRECKINRIDGE 72 848,356 18.1 • J. BELL 39 592,906 12.6 NOTES ON ELECTION • LINCOLN RAN ON OPPOSITION TO EXTENSION OF SLAVERY • IF LINCOLN ELECTED, SOUTH TO SECEDE • LINCOLN IS ELECTED. 11 SOUTHERN STATES HAVE SECEDED. COUNTRY IS READY FOR WAR • SECESSION • 12/20/1860: SC SECEDES; • MS,FL,AL,GA,TX,LA ALL FOLLOW • 1861- CONFEDERATE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA • JEFFERSON DAVIS, PRESIDENT • ALEXANDER STEPHENS, VICE PRESIDENT • CAPITOL: RICHMOND,VA

  13. Lincoln looks to give real meaning to the war September 23,1862- • Announces Emancipation proclamation, effective January 1, 1863… • The real questions concerning this piece of legislation are as follows: • why did Lincoln issue it? • What did the document say? • how effective was it?

  14. The Emancipation Proclamation Despite its limited application, the Emancipation Proclamation had two effects. • First, it disrupted the agricultural economies of those States forming the Confederate States of America as slaves fled the plantations. • The second effect was even more important in effecting the collapse of the Confederate States of America.

  15. woodrow wilson • 1913-1921 • 28TH PRESIDENT, DEMOCRAT • BORN: DECEMBER 28, 1856; VIRGINIA • MARRIED: ELLEN AXSON; 1885- 3 EDITH GALT; 1915- 0 • VICE PRESIDENT: THOMAS MARSHALL • KEY EVENTS: 16TH, 17TH, 18TH, & 19TH AMENDMENTS; CLAYTON ANTITRUST ACT; WWI; LEAGUE OF NATIONS • DIED: FEBRUARY 3, 1924

  16. “Liberty has never come from Government. Liberty has always come from the subjects of it. The history of liberty is a history of limitations of governmental power, not the increase of it.”

  17. Wilson and his 14 Points U.S. President Woodrow Wilson put forth fourteen points that he believed could be the basis for a settlement of the Great War.

  18. The person who was Woodrow Wilson Virginia preacher’s son Well- educated Author, teacher, university president Governor of New Jersey As President Wilson’s “New Freedom…” The president’s agenda: ***during the campaign, Wilson promised to restore opportunity in American life…as he took office, Wilson looked to lower tariffs, reform banking, regulate corporations, and aid farmers and wage earners…*** Wilson’s America • results • Underwood Tariff Act- (1913); reduced tariff to lowest levels in quite some time; introduced a graduated income tax, taxing people with high incomes at a higher rate than those with low incomes. • Federal Reserve Act- (1913); created a three-level banking system: Federal Reserve Board(group appointed by the President; which runs the system); 12 Federal Reserve banks(under mixed public and private control; serve other banks); Private banks(could borrow from the Federal Reserve banks at the interest rates set by the board). • Clayton Antitrust Act- (1914); extended the Sherman Antitrust Act by stating what corporations could not do(monopolies and price wars). • Federal Trade Commission- (1914); authorized to investigate corporations. • Federal Farm Loan Act- (1915); low-interest loans to farmers. • Adamson Act- (1916); reduced workday of railroad workers from 10 to 8 hours, with no cut in pay. • Federal Workmen’s Compensation Act- (1916); benefits to federal workers injured on the job. • Keating-Owen Child Labor Act- (1916); outlawed the interstate sale of products produced by child labor; would be overturned and not until the 1930s would the US outlaw child labor. • 19th Amendment- (1920); granted women the right to vote… Reforms Wilson used his ability to make strong appeals to the American people in order to undermine the business lobby and overcome Senate opposition…

  19. US Involvement President Woodrow Wilson declared a U.S. policy of absolute neutrality, an official stance that would last until 1917 when Germany's policy of unrestricted submarine warfare - which seriously threatened America's commercial shipping (which was in any event almost entirely directed towards the Allies led by Britain and France) - forced the U.S. to finally enter the war on 6 April 1917. US involvement in the war proved to be decisive. The US would send 4.8 million troops to Europe. The troops would fight for a little more than a year, in what would be termed as some of the fiercest fight in the 20th Century. Meanwhile, back at home, Wilson attempted to gain support for the war effort. November 11,1918, the war ends. Wilson develops a world peace program known as the “Fourteen Points.” Paris Peace Conference Wilson came with good intentions; unfortunately many of his ideas would be thrown away. France, Italy, and Great Britain look for Germany’s total surrender after winning the war. The Allies wanted Germany to pay for the war. Wilson had to compromise… Treaty of Versailles June 28, 1919 German/Ottoman colonies divided up by the Allies Created new nations Europe: Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland France reclaims Alsace-Lorraine, industrial region (Saar) Germany is disarmed and forced to take blame for the war Creation of a League of Nations, headquartered in Switzerland The US and World War I

  20. The Battle for Ratification • Woodrow Wilson’s supreme goal in World War I was to broker an effective and lasting peace. He enumerated his war aims in his famous Fourteen Points speech, with the last point calling for the creation of a League of Nations. At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, he fought hard, but was not able to incorporate his Fourteen Points in the treaty. He did, however, make sure the League of Nations was an inextricable part of the final agreement. • Article Ten obliges signatories to guarantee the political independence and territorial integrity of all member nations against outside aggression, and to consult together to oppose aggression when it occurs. This became the critical point, and the one that ultimately prevented the treaty’s ratification by the Senate. • Senator Henry Cabot Lodge led the opposition. Lodge and Wilson were bitter political foes, but they also had legitimate differences of views on the League and on the covenant’s Tenth Article. • Wilson and Lodge surely could have found a middle ground. Some sort of compromise language could have been drafted. There were pro-treaty Republicans who could have formed a coalition with the Democrats to win the necessary two-thirds majority. But Wilson blocked compromise after he suffered a massive stroke in October 1919. No accommodation with the opposition was found on either side. The treaty was voted down. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge (1850-1924) believed that the League, under Article Ten, could require the United States to commit economic or military force to maintain the collective security of member nations.

  21. …a lasting peace? • US divides over the League of Nations issue • Wilson ends his term as an unpopular and very ill President • Europeans struggle to recover from the war • Competition in Europe over acquiring new lands • Central Powers were left with a bitter taste in their mouth

  22. harry s. truman • 33RD PRESIDENT, DEMOCRAT • 1945-1953 • BORN: MAY 8, 1884; MISSOURI • MARRIED: ELIZABETH WALLACE; 1919- 1 • VICE PRESIDENT: ALBEN BARKLEY • KEY EVENTS: ATOMIC BOMB DROPPED; WW II ENDED; US JOINS UN; NATO CREATED; BERLIN AIRLIFT; KOREAN WAR; 22ND AMENDMENT • DIED: DECEMBER 26, 1972

  23. “Men make history and not the other way around. In periods where there is no leadership, society stands still. Progress occurs when courageous, skillful leaders seize the opportunity to change things for the better.”

  24. Truman and the Marshall Plan On November 29, 1948, President Harry S Truman conferred with the top leaders of the Marshall Plan--(left to right) George C. Marshall, Paul G. Hoffman (1891-1974), and Averell Harriman (1891-1986).

  25. …America, the postwar years TV Generation • 1945: 1% own a TV • 1975: 99% own a TV Amazing Firsts • 1945: atom bomb • 1951: UNIVAC, the first computer • 1953: J. Watson and F. Crick discover DNA The Shrinking Dollar • 1955: a pair of jeans cost- $3.65; 1975: $11.25 • 1960: loaf of bread costs $.20 • The Sporting Life • 1947: Jackie Robinson becomes the First African American in major league baseball • 1953: Maureen Connolly becomes first woman to win tennis’ grand slam The American People • Between 1946-65 76 million babies are born (“baby boom”) American Music • 1949: Frank Sinatra “New York, New York” • 1954: Elvis Presley releases first record • Richie Valens releases “La Bamba” In Style • The “beehive” comes into style • The miniskirt is introduced • The Afro becomes popular

  26. On the world stage The Cold War Begins • ***the competition between the United States and Soviet Union for global power and influence waged mostly on political and economic fronts, with the threat of all-out war always present.*** • Origins: • economic systems • political systems • each country’s perception of the other • each country would establish alliances with others in an attempt to prepare for a possible showdown. • Atomic Weapons • UN creates the Baruch Plan, inspection agency for nuclear weapons. • US Congress passes the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 to oversee nuclear weapons research and promote peacetime uses. Containment • Truman Doctrine (1947): looks to US for supporting people who want to be free. • Marshall Plan (1948): $12 billion in aid over four years to Western Europe Crisis in Berlin • June, 1948: US, GB, FR, announce plans to combine zones and create a new West German government; Soviet respond with blockades and cutting off supplies to Berlin • The Berlin Airlift is initiated over the next 10 months to supply the people of West Berlin • May, 1949: Soviets lift blockade; Federal Republic of Germany(US supported) is founded, as well as, the German Democratic Republic(Soviet supported) Major Problems Faced at the Conclusion of WWII • Economic chaos • Governing Japan and Germany • Threat of nuclear war between the US and Soviet Union Occupational Rule • Germany: Postdam Conference, July 1945: Truman, Churchill, and Stalin met; divided Germany into 4 occupational zones (FR., GB, US, and SU); agreed to jointly administer the city of Berlin agreed to do the following: • crush Nazi party • re-establish local gov’t. • rebuild German industry all were concerned of Soviet expansion in Eastern Europe • Japan: Us occupies country from 1945-52; worked towards ending the Japanese military and creating a democratic government; Emperor becomes a figurehead; adopted a new constitution in 1947; economic reforms took place- land to farmers, labor unions organize, family monopolies broken up Alliances Formed • NATO(North Alliance Treaty Organization): April, 1949-agreed to defend each other, and included the following: • United States Canada Iceland • Portugal France Belgium • Great Britain Norway Italy • Greece Turkey Denmark • Netherlands West Germany • Warsaw Pact (1955): a Soviet response to NATO; included the following: • Soviet Union Bulgaria Albania • Hungary Romania Poland • Czechoslovakia East Germany

  27. Key Dates for the Marshall Plan(notes taken from www.trumanlibrary.org) • February 1948 A Soviet-backed, communist coup occurs in Czechoslovakia. • April 2, 1948 Congress passes the Economic Cooperation Act that authorizes the Marshall Plan. President Truman signs it the next day. • April 1948 Paul Hoffman of Studebaker Corporation is appointed Administrator of the Economic Cooperation Agency (ECA), the temporary American agency created to implement the plan. Averell Harriman is appointed special representative of the ECA in Europe. • April 15, 1948 First official meeting of the OEEC in Paris to determine national needs prior to passage of appropriations bill by U.S. Congress. • June 30, 1949 The Federal Republic of Germany officially enters the OEEC in the second year of the program. • December 31, 1951 The ERP ends six months early because of the escalation of the Korean War, which had begun in June 1950. Transfer of funds from the U. S. to Europe had totaled $13.3 billion. • July 5, 1972 In a speech at the Harvard commencement, West German chancellor Willy Brandt announces creation of the German Marshall Fund to thank the U.S. for its assistance. • March 12, 1947 The "Truman Doctrine," outlined in a presidential speech to Congress, makes it U.S. policy to protect nations threatened by communism. • June 5, 1947 In a speech at the Harvard commencement, Secretary of State George C. Marshall calls for an American plan to help Europe recover from World War II. • June 19, 1947 The British and French Foreign ministers issue a joint communiqué inviting twenty-two European nations to send representatives to Paris to draw up a cooperative recovery plan. • July 12, 1947 The Conference of European Economic Cooperation, which became the Committee of European Economic Cooperation (CEEC), meets in Paris. The Soviet Union declines to attend and pressures Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Hungary into staying away. • September 1947 The CEEC submits its report estimating needs and the cost of the European Recovery Program (ERP) over four years. It provides for the establishment of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation(OEEC) to coordinate the program from the European side.

  28. ronald reagan • 40TH PRESIDENT, REPUBLICAN • 1981-1989 • BORN: FEBRUARY 6, 1911; ILLINOIS • MARRIED: JANE WYMAN; 1940- 2; NANCY DAVIS; 1952- 2 • VICE PRESIDENT: GEORGE BUSH • KEY EVENTS: IRAN HOSTAGES; “REAGANOMICS”; FIRST WOMAN SUPREME COURT JUSTICE; IRAN-CONTRA AFFAIR • DIED: JUNE 5, 2004

  29. “Freedom is never more than one generation away from extinction. We didn't pass it to our children in the bloodstream. It must be fought for, protected, and handed on for them to do the same.”

  30. Reagan and ending the cold war President Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev signing the INF treaty ratification at the Grand Kremlin palace during the Moscow Summit. 6/1/88.

  31. Reagan and the Cold War • From 1981 to 85 Pentagon budget grew to $250 billion • Proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI); “Stars Wars” • Would impose trade restrictions on the Soviet Union in 1981 over the Polish issue • Reagan took a strong stance over the Korean airliner incident in 1983 • The Soviet bloc would boycott the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics

  32. Reagan’s Legacy • With his second term coming to an end, Reagan look to make a lasting impression • With a new Soviet leader (M. Gorbachev); both world powers look to create a better relationship • Gorbachev introduced glasnost and perestroika in an attempt to recreate the Soviet society • This new friendship between the US and Soviet governments led a lessening in the hard feeling of the Cold War (INF Treaty)

  33. “Ronald Reagan’s Cold War Victory” (1989)John Lewis Gaddis HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE The time has come to acknowledge an astonishing development: during his eight years as president, Ronald Reagan has presided over the most dramatic improvement in U.S.- Soviet relations—and the most solid progress in arms control—since the Cold War began. History has often produced unexpected results, but this one surely sets some kind of record. Reagan was not an enthusiast for arms control before entering the White House: indeed his 1976 and 1980 campaigns appeared to reject that enterprise altogether in favor of a simpler search for national security through military superiority over the Soviet Union. That arms control has not only survived but prospered under his leadership ought to make us take a fresh look, both at the administration he headed and at the arms control process itself as it has traditionally been understood. US CHARACTERISTICS IN DEALING WITH THE SOVIETS PRIOR TO 1981 US STRATEGIES IN DEALING WITH THE SOVIETS DURING THE REAGAN PRESIDENCY • Pessimism • Complexity • Insularity • Illogic • Rebuilding Self-Confidence • Spooking the Soviets • Negotiation from Strength • Responding to Gorbachev

  34. CONCLUSIONS • THE MEN AND THEIR TIME PERIOD • THE SCOPE OF WHO THEY WERE AS INDIVIDUALS • THE EFFECTS OF EVENTS THAT SHAPED THEIR AGE • CONNECTIONS TO EVENTS OF THE PAST • IMPACT ON EVENTS TO COME

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