Urban Mobility Challenges and Solutions - Addressing Transportation Issues

2. Urban Mobility <Insert Name> <insert title><insert date>

3. Urban Mobility Discussion Questions

4. 1. Which do you think your city needs most? • New public transportation • Better public transportation • More Roads • Different Transportation options • Bike lanes • Pedestrian-friendly crossings and/ or sidewalks • Other

5. 2. Which urban forms can most reduce transportation time in your city? • Higher density development • Mixed-use development • Zoned development based on specific land uses • More Roads • Multi-modal transportation options • Less paratransit operators • More public transportation

6. 3. What accounts for most of the traffic congestion in your city? • Sprawling development • Lack of transportation options • Non-existent or inefficient public transit • Insufficient road network • Noncompliance of traffic rules

7. 4. Is your city walkable? • Yes • No • I don’t know

8. 5. Is your city bike friendly? • Yes, we have plenty of bike lanes • People bike but we don’t have sufficient formal bike lanes/ infrastructure • No, people don’t really bike • I don’t know

9. 6. How do you get to work? • I walk • I drive • I take public transit • I bike • Other

10. 7. How far do you live from your job? • Less than 1 km • 1-5 km • 6-10 km • More than 10 km

11. 8. How long does it take you to get to work? • Less than 10 minutes • 10-30 minutes • 30-60 minutes • 60-90 minutes • More than 90 minutes

12. Urban Mobility <Insert Name> <insert title><insert date>

13. Presentation Overview • Facts on Urban Mobility • So What? • Defining Mobility • Mobility & the 3PA • A Call to Action • Case Study • Exercise PRESENTATION TITLE, Date, VenueConference Name

14. 1 Part One Facts on Mobility

15. Nearly 1 billion people worldwide still lack adequate access to road networks, which hinders their access to basic services and markets, promotes marginalization and can deepen social inequities. Source: UN Sustainable Transport Conference Website

16. In many cities, public transport remains unsustainable, unsafe, inefficient, inaccessible or unaffordable – a situation that is particularly affecting the poor. Source: UN Sustainable Transport Conference Website

17. The transport sector, as one of the top consumers of fossil fuels, is a major contributor to air pollution and generates a variety of emissions that impact the climate. The transport sector is responsible for approximately a quarter of the greenhouse gas emissions. Source: UN Sustainable Transport Conference Website

18. Over 1.24 million people are killed annually in road traffic accidents, 90% of these in developing countries. Source: UN Sustainable Transport Conference Website

19. In 2010, there were more than 1 billion motor vehicles worldwide In 2005, more than half of all urban trips were made by private motorized vehicles By 2010, developed countries had, on average, ten times as many motor vehicles per capita as developing countries Source: UN-Habitat. Planning and Design for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Global Report on Human Settlements 2013 

20. Transportation Bias: Car is King • As more countries realize rising incomes, auto ownership goes up • Cars are perceived as a symbol of status and personal freedom • Many countries perceive motorization as a condition for development Source: UN-Habitat. Planning and Design for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Global Report on Human Settlements 2013 

21. Basic Facts • China alone is projected to have approx. 350 million cars by 2035 – 10x more than they had in 2008. • Mexico City’s car population is increasing faster than human population – for every child born, two new cars are added into circulation. Superhighways and traffic in Shanghai, China. Photo by Denys Nevohai. Source: UN-Habitat. Planning and Design for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Global Report on Human Settlements 2013 

22. Transportation Bias: Car is King

23. The Old Paradigm to increase mobility Question: What is the problem with that? The Solution is to Build More Roads

24. 2 Part Two So what?

25. So What? Sustainability Challenges of Mobility Rapid urbanization coupled with increased motorization means: • Traffic congestion • Urban sprawl • Exacerbated social inequities • Environmental degradation • Increased financial burden to build adequate infrastructure • Institutional & governance capacity and coordination issues • Technology Source: UN-Habitat. Transport and Mobility Snapshots

26. A. Congestion Economic Growth / Loss of Revenue Burning Fossil Fuels Quality of Life Air Quality/ Pollution

27. A. Congestion • An important factor affecting the capability of cities in developing countries to deal with congestion is the low percentage of land devoted to roads. • The roads are reported to account for between 5% and 15% of the land areas of developing country cities, compared with around 20 to 25% for most European Cities and about 35% for cities in USA. • Cities with under 10% of their area devoted to roads cannot support the widespread use of motorcars Source: UN-Habitat. Poverty and Sustainable Transport (2014)

28. Source: UN-Habitat. Poverty and Sustainable Transport (2014)

29. B. Urban sprawl • Since World War II, the urban land area in developed countries has doubled – 2X • In developing countries, it has grown by a factor of five- 5X Source: UN-Habitat. Planning and Design for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Global Report on Human Settlements 2013

30. B. Urban Sprawl in developed countries From 1995 to 2005, 85 % of the 78 largest cities in developed countries experienced a faster growth in their suburban areas than their urban cores Source: UN-Habitat. Planning and Design for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Global Report on Human Settlements 2013 

31. B. Urban Sprawl in developed countries Large peri-urban settlements with illegal/informal land-use patterns- lack infrastructure, facilities or services &/OR Residential zones for high & middle class- dependent on private vehicles Source: UN-Habitat. Planning and Design for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Global Report on Human Settlements 2013 

32. B. Urban sprawl • Spread-out patterns of growth increases the dependence on the private car • Consumes farmland and open space • Threatens estuaries and natural habitats • Burdens municipal treasuries with the high costs of expanding urban infrastructure and services • Class and income disparities are deeply embedded in the spatial arrangements and mobility challenges of many developing-country cities • Lower-income families pushed to the periphery are further disconnected from job opportunities, schools and basic services Source: UN-Habitat. Planning and Design for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Global Report on Human Settlements 2013 

33. B. Urban sprawl : Drive until you qualify Facing unaffordability in the center, residents fan out ever farther, trading cheaper housing for longer commutes- “Drive until you qualify.” : • Fuel subsidies • Planning practices that incentivize suburban residential developments, large malls and retail centres with extensive parking • Cheaper and low-density residential areas in suburbs Source: UN-Habitat. Planning and Design for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Global Report on Human Settlements 2013 

34. B. Urban sprawl : Housing + Transportation Cost Housing alone is traditionally deemed affordable at no more than 30% of income —transportation is usually a household’s second-largest expense. Does ‘drive until you qualify’ still make sense when transportation costs are factored in? Source: Urban Morphology Institute / Zillow TOD Index

35. B. Urban sprawl: Land-use & Transport Disconnect • Sprawl is the result of lack of coordinated planning • Urban land use policies have favorably pushed development to the suburbs And so…. • Mobility requires a regional / metro approach • The percentage allocated to streets and street configuration requires a holistic spatial plan Source: UN-Habitat. Planning and Design for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Global Report on Human Settlements 2013 

36. C. Social Dimensions • The cost of transport and long journey times are a major problem for poor workers, who often live in isolated areas • 20% of workers in Mexico City spend 3+ hours travelling to and from work • Taking a series of informal transportation can cost 20-25% of daily wages in cities such as Delhi, Buenos Aires, and Manila • 30% in Nairobi, Pretoria and Dar es Salaam Source: UN-Habitat. Planning and Design for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Global Report on Human Settlements 2013 

37. C. Social Dimensions • Social sustainability also has gender, age and disability dimensions. • In many countries women are less likely to have individual means of transport • And systems aren’t built to accommodate physically impaired persons • Safety is also a crucial aspect of a high-quality urban mobility system. • Each year, around 1.2 million people are killed and a further 20–50 million injured in road traffic accidents worldwide; more than 90% of road traffic fatalities occur in developing countries Source: UN-Habitat. Planning and Design for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Global Report on Human Settlements 2013 

38. C. Social Dimensions Health Implications • Injuries from road traffic accidents • Respiratory problems due to air pollution • Overweight/obesity associated with reduced physical activity • And annoyance from noise • As per statistics, vulnerable groups include children and elderly people, cyclists and pedestrians Source: WHO 2016

39. C. Social Dimensions • Transport is only sustainable if it provides access to all: benefits are all equally & fairly distributed • Affordability and reliability can determine one’s ability to economically and socially integrate into the city, or not • Lack of access to urban opportunities is often a major cause of poverty and inequality  Source: UN-Habitat. Planning and Design for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Global Report on Human Settlements 2013 

40. D. Environmental Dimensions • The share of the world’s oil consumption accounted for by transportation increased from 45.4% in 1973 to 61.5% in 2010 • Globally, 13% of all greenhouse gas emissions come from the transport sector and 75% of this is caused by road transport • By 2050, global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from motor vehicle use could be 3X as large as in 2010 Source: UN-Habitat. Planning and Design for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Global Report on Human Settlements 2013 

41. D. Environmental Dimensions: Density Matters • When urban form gets more compact and dense, CO2  emissions from transport decline because people are traveling shorter distances • Austria’s urban areas are more than four times denser than Australia’s, and generate only 60 % of the amount of CO2  per capita that Australia’s urban areas generate • Density is especially critical to the most sustainable form of motorized travel, public transport – i.e., mass transit needs “mass”. Source: UN-Habitat. Planning and Design for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Global Report on Human Settlements 2013 

42. Source: UN-Habitat. Planning and Design for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Global Report on Human Settlements 2013 

43. D. Environmental Dimensions: Mode Matters • Energy consumption levels also decrease as the share of trips on public transport and non-motorized modes increases • In 2007, per capita energy consumption in the transport sector was more than three times higher in the U.S. than in Japan and Germany • In Japan, 40 % of all urban motorized trips are made by public transport, compared to only 4 % in the U.S. • Greenhouse gas emissions per passenger of public transport is about one-twelfth that of the car Source: UN-Habitat. Planning and Design for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Global Report on Human Settlements 2013 

44. E. Economic Dimensions • Urban transportation infrastructure is expensive & complicated • It can only be economically sustainable when resources are efficiently used and distributed - to maximize the benefits - and minimize the external costs of mobility • Cities that finance the costs of public transport operations can face severe fiscal burdens • Another challenge cities face worldwide is paying for ongoing road maintenance and expansion Source: UN-Habitat. Planning and Design for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Global Report on Human Settlements 2013 

45. F. Institutional and Governance Dimensions Inadequate institutional capacity – whether in the form of a trained and educated civil-service talent pool, or a transparent and largely corruption-free procurement process– poses immense challenges in advancing sustainable urban transport. Source: UN-Habitat. Planning and Design for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Global Report on Human Settlements 2013 

46. F. Institutional and Governance Dimensions • Institutional fragmentation undermines the ability to coordinate urban transportation services • Separating urban sector functions into different organizations – each with its own boards, staff, budgets and by-laws – often translates into unisectoral actions and missed opportunities • Bloated bureaucracies are notorious for waste and delays in the deployment of urban transport projects • Lack of transparency and public involvement Source: UN-Habitat. Planning and Design for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Global Report on Human Settlements 2013 

47. F. Institutional and Governance Dimensions • Lack of capacity for strategic planning and coordination is a major problem in many cities • Institutions rarely have sufficient time or funds to expand transport infrastructure fast enough to accommodate travel demands • Understanding the linkage between land-use and urban transport planning is important for the multiplicity of actors, levels and institutions involved Source: UN-Habitat. Planning and Design for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Global Report on Human Settlements 2013 

48. G. Technology Dimensions New Advances in technology is changing the face of transportation: • Web-based technology make new forms of transportation possible: Uber, car-sharing programs, motorbikes rides (Go-Jek) • New mapping technologies makes getting around more efficient: Waze and Google maps • Smart cards make new schemes like bike sharing and electronic road pricing possible • What else?

49. Discussion question Discuss amongst your group how each of these dimensions is affecting mobility in your city. • Traffic congestion • Urban sprawl • Exacerbated social inequities • Environmental degradation • Increased financial burden to build adequate infrastructure • Institutional & governance capacity and coordination issues • Technology

50. Urban Mobility Sustainability Recap Urban mobility can positively impact urban sustainability. Cities can: • Design for more compact development and encourage mixed-land use • Prioritize public and non-motorized transport • Coordinate land-use and transportation planning • Provide affordable, accessible and inclusive transportation that provides opportunities for all • Transport planning needs supportive governance and regulatory frameworks Source: UN-Habitat. Planning and Design for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Global Report on Human Settlements 2013