Establishing a New Nation (1788-1824)

Establishing a New Nation (1788-1824) Chapter 6 “We are in the wilderness without a single footstep to guide us.” James Madison

Do Now: Think back to your first day as a Freshman in LHS. You have to a new school, students you may not have met yet, a rotating drop schedule, an open lunch, and new teachers. • How did you deal with all of this on the first day? • Did the decisions that you made on the first day impact those on the second day? How so?

Essential Question To what degree do precedents impact future decision-making?

Washington Heads The New Government • He shapes the Executive Branch • _____________ of 1789 • To help Washington enforce laws and make policies passed by ____________. • Created the Judicial structure as we know it. • Provided for a Supreme Court, 3 Federal Circuit Courts, and13 Federal District Courts • Today we have the Supreme Court, ____ Federal Circuit Courts, and ____ Federal District Courts

Washington Shapes the Executive Branch • John Adams is the New ______________ • Congress creates a three department Cabinet - President’s Chief Advisors • Department of State • Department of War • Department of Treasury

Department of State is the United States federal executive department responsible for international relations of the United States, equivalent to the foreign ministries of other countries. • _____________ - Sec. of State • Favored strong state and local government • Favored farmer citizens • Mild laws • Preserve simplicity and equality

Department of Treasury is the federal executive department responsible for the treasury of the United States. It was established to manage government _________. • ___________ - Sec. of Treasury • Favored strong central government • Wanted that strong government to be led by the educated elite • Believed that commerce and industry were the key to a strong country.

Why would George Washington pick such different people? • Washington saw these differences as essentially sectional in nature: North vs. South. • He thought by selecting each he would satisfy both areas of the country. • He attempted to arbitrate between the two secretaries. He personally favored Hamilton’s program, yet did not want to alienate his fellow Virginian. Jefferson’s grasp of foreign affairs was too great to lose him as a cabinet officer.

Primary Documents from Jefferson and Hamilton • Based on what they wrote, whom do you trust more: Hamilton or Jefferson? Why?

Homework: • How many cabinet members are currently serving? • Who are they? • What are the responsibilities of each? • Do you think the country currently needs all of them? Why or why not?

Hamilton • Hamilton and Jefferson very different thinkers • ____________ economic plan- Pay off foreign debt and fed. Govt. should assume (assumption) debt of states. South unhappy since they already paid off their debt. • ___________ - funded by federal govt. and wealthy investors (they have interest in success of new, young country • District of Columbia- Move capitol south to win support for his debt plan

First Political Parties • The Federalists and the Republicans • Due to split in Washington’s cabinet • The ___________ supported Jefferson’s views of strong state govts. (today’s Democratic party)

The Whiskey Rebellion • Protective Tariff- European Goods • Excise Tax- Sales Tax • Corn farmers refused to pay tax, Federal govt. called 15K militiamen and scattered rebels without killing anyone

Native Americans • Resist White settlers, fights in the Northwest • Battle of Fallen Timbers • Ended Native American Resistance in Ohio • Annual payment of 10K

Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation • Reaction to French Revolution • Republicans (Jefferson and Madison) supported France • Federalists (Hamilton) backed British • Washington was neutral • Thomas Pickney’s Treaty (1795) • Spain gave up land east of Mississippi River • Open Miss. River and use port at New Orleans • Jay’s Treaty- British agreed to evacuate posts in NW., they did not want to fight U.S. and France

Foreign Affairs Adams Tries to Avoid War • __________ Elected President 1797 • France saw Jay’s Treaty as violation of French-U.S. alliance and began to seize U.S. ships • XYZ _________ 1798 • 3 men sent to negotiate with France and French sent 3 lower level officers • Demanded 250K to see French Foreign Minister • 2 year undeclared Naval War raged • Adams avoided Formal War

The Alien and Sedition Acts • Most critics of Adams were foreign born • Raised residence requirements for citizenship from 5-14 years • Allowed the ______________ to deport or jail any unwanted Alien • Fines and prison for expressing “False and Malicious” statements against Government. Is this Constitutional?

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions • ____ and _____ claimed right to disregard Alien and Sedition Acts- violated Bill of Rights • Claimed rights to disregard laws going beyond powers granted by the Constitution to the Central Government • ___ other states followed them • Balance between State and Federal Government?

Jefferson Wins Election of 1800 • Jefferson vs. ________ - Jefferson wins by 8 electoral votes • Jefferson runs with Aaron Burr • Received same number of votes- House of Reps had to choose winner • 12th amendment- Electors to cast separate ballots for __________ and ____________.

Jefferson • Southern Dominance in Politics- Jefferson first Southerner to take office in D.C. • _________ lose power because Jefferson fills Govt. with Republicans • John Marshall is first __________ of the __________ ________

Marbury vs. Madison • William Marbury, one of Adams judicial appointments, did not receive commission and Madison (sec. of state) withholds it • Marbury petitioned to force Madison to give him commission • Ruled Constitution had no provision for Supreme Court to issue such orders • Judicial Review- Ability of Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress Unconstitutional

Hamilton Duels with Burr • Hamilton convinced House of Reps. to elect Jefferson in 1800 • Hamilton backed Burr’s opponent in race for Gov of NY • Said Burr was a “dangerous man and should not be trusted in Govt.” • Burr challenged him to a duel and shot and killed Hamilton

The U.S. Expands West • Louisiana Purchase • France persuaded Spain to return Louisiana territory to them • France owned Haiti and couldn’t control the slaves from overthrowing their Govt. there • __________ lost interest in U.S. empire • U.S. doubled in size for $ ____ million

Lewis and Clark • Jefferson appointed Meriwether ______ to lead expedition from St. Louis to Pacific Coast • Lewis chose William _______ • Expedition lasted 2 years and 4 months • Opened ways for ________ settlement and strengthened American claims to Oregon territory

The War Brings Mixed Results • 1808- James _________ becomes President and decided to go to war with Britain • Believed British were trying to cripple American trade and weaken economy

The War of 1812 • Britain and France were fighting and both started seizing American Ships • Grievances against ____________ • America focused anger on Britain since they drafted U.S. ships into their army • Grievances against Native Americans • In Indiana territory General William Henry Harrison talked Natives into giving up 3 Million Acres of land

Failure in Canada • 1st attempts were a disaster • Next year defeated British at Lake Eerie and retook Detroit • British had more soldiers, most American ships were bottled up in Port

The War of 1812 • ________ burn the Whitehouse and other public buildings • General Andrew Jackson gathers troops to protect ____ _________. • Hundreds of British die and only a few Americans in the battle of New Orleans • A peace agreement was signed before battle but Jackson didn’t hear in time

American Independence • Treaty of Ghent (1814)- End of war • 1815- Trade opened and limited warships on Great Lakes • War of 1812 confirmed American Independence

Establishing a New Nation (1788-1824)