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MEMORY

MEMORY. Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1968) multi-store model of memory. Multi-store model of memory. The memory model that visualises memory as a system consisting of multiple memory store through which a stream of data flows for processing.

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MEMORY

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  1. MEMORY Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1968) multi-store model of memory

  2. Multi-store model of memory • The memory model that visualises memory as a system consisting of multiple memory store through which a stream of data flows for processing. • For information to be stored, it must pass through three memory stores: • Sensory memory • Short-term memory • Long-term memory

  3. Sensory Memory • First stage • In the form of sight, sound, taste, smell, touch • Receives and stores information briefly for a few seconds • Our sensory memory will fade rapidly if information is ignored • Believed by psychologists to have a sensory register (sub-system of sensory memory)

  4. Sensory Register Iconic Memory Echoic Memory Auditory information Duration(storage time)-temporary and sounds remain as an echo Up to 3-4 seconds Capacity is unlimited • Visual information • Shape, size and colour • It stores in a form of an icon for about 1/3 to ½ of a second • Capacity is unlimited

  5. Short-term Memory (STM) • Second stage • Stores a limited information, unless information is rehearsed • Holds thoughts, information and experiences • Receives information from sensory memory and Long-term memory • STM capacity, STM duration and Serial-position effect

  6. STM capacity • STM has limited storage capacity and can hold only small amounts of information • An average STM can hold approximately 7 (+ or – 2): seven single items (give or take one or two) of unrelated information at one time

  7. Note to Ms Forster:- Activity: requires paper and pen. The girls will be ask to read and quickly write what they can remember. 8 5 1 7 4 9 3

  8. Activity 7 1 8 3 5 4 2 9 1 6 3 4

  9. Increasing STM’s capacity:Chunking • STM can’t hold more than 7(+ or – 2) items of information at once so chunking is a method to increase STM’s capacity • Chunking works by grouping separate items of information to form a larger single information.

  10. This is harder to remember! TVIBMNFLVIC By chunking it’s easier to remember TV IBM NFL VIC

  11. STM duration • Limited duration • 18-20 seconds • Can be prolonged by ‘rehearsal’ which can take the form of either: • Maintenance rehearsal or • Elaborative rehearsal

  12. Increasing STM’s duration:Maintenance Rehearsal • Involves repeating information(silently or verbally) • The more times information is rehearsed, the longer it is held in STM, and the higher its chances are of being stored in LTM. • Example: • Remembering a new telephone number for a short period of time before dialling it.

  13. Advantages & Disadvantages • Stores longer than the usual 18-20 seconds • Good for remembering meaningless information • Easily interrupted by information entering STM from sensory memory of LTM • Doesn’t add to understanding • Limited effective-ness in transferring information from STM to LTM.

  14. Increasing STM’s Duration:Elaborative Rehearsal • Involves linking new information in some meaningful ways with information already stored in LTM or with other piece of new information, to hold it longer than 18-20 seconds in STM. • Self-referencing: linking information to self or personal experience which increases chances of LTM retention.

  15. Advantages & Disadvantages • Increases understanding • Adds more detail (increases retrieval chances) • Increases long-term retention • Makes information more accessible • Longer maintenance rehearsals • Difficult to practice • Relies on the ability to retrieve information previously stored in LTM • Requires more conscious effort

  16. Serial-position effect • Helps move information from STM to LTM • Organisation helps in retrieval • Recalling is better in the beginning or end of items list than for items in the middle • This has two effects : • Recency effect- recalling the end of items list first • Primacy effect- recalling the beginning of items list first

  17. Long-Term Memory (LTM) • Third stage • Permanent memory storage of unlimited amount of information • When information is required at a later date, we retrieve information by locating it in LTM and returning it to conscious awareness • Information not only flows from STM to LTM, but can also flow back from LTM to STM • LTM stores information in an organised manner based on its meaning and importance.

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