HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY

1. HISTORY OFPHOTOGRAPHY

2. Photography History • Is the result of combining several technical discoveries. It goes back to the 1820’s with the development of chemical photography • Long before the first photographs were made, Ibn al-Haytham(Alhazen) 965-1040 invented the camera obscura and pinhole camera.

3. Photography History • The first permanent photograph was an image produced in 1826 by the French inventor Nice’phore Nie’pce. However, the picture took eight hours to expose. • Working with Louis Daguerre, they experimented with silver compounds hoping that a silver and chalk mixture would darken when exposed to light.

4. Photography History • Nie’pce died in 1833, but Daguerre continued the work, eventually developing the daguerrotype in 1837. • John Herschel was the first to use the terms “photography”, “negative”, and “positive”. • He made the first glass negative in late 1839.

5. Photography History • 1884 George Eastman developed the technology film to replace photographic plates, leading to the technology used by film cameras today.

6. Black and White/Color Photography • Black and White Photography- dominated for decades even after color film was readily available due to its low cost and its “classic” photographic look. • Color Photography- Explored beginning in the mid 1800s. The first permanent color photo was taken in 1861 by the physicist James Clerk Maxwell.

7. Color Photography • One of the early methods of taking color photos was to use three cameras. Each camera would have a color filter in front of the lens. This technique provides the photographer with the three basic channels required to recreate a color image in a darkroom or processing plant. • Instant color film was introduced by Polaroid in 1963.

8. Digital Photography • Digital Photography- Traditional photography burdened photographers working at remote locations without easy access to processing facilities, and competition from television pressured photographers to deliver images to newspapers with greater speed. Photo journalists at remote locations often carried miniature photo labs and a means of transmitting images through telephone lines

9. Digital Photography Continued • In 1981, Sony unveiled the first consumer camera (Sony Mavica) to use a charge coupled device for imaging, eliminating the need for film. The Mavica saved images to a disk and the images were displayed on television, and the camera was not fully digital.

10. Digital Photography Continued • In 1990 Kodak unveiled the DCS 100, the first commercially available digital camera. Commercial digital photography was born.

11. Digital Imaging • Uses an electronic image sensor to record the image as a set of electronic data rather than as chemical changes on film. • Digital point-and-shoot cameras have become widespread consumer products, outselling film cameras, and including new features such as video and audio recording.

12. Kodak/Nikon • In January 2004 Kodak announced that it would no longer sell reloadable 35mm cameras in western Europe, Canada, and the United States after the end of that year. • Nikon followed suit and announced that they will stop the production of all but two models of their film cameras: the low-end Nikon FM10, and the high-end Nikon F6

13. Kodak • According to a survey made by Kodak in 2007, 75 percent of professional photographers say they will continue to use film, even though some embrace digital.

14. U.S. Surveys • According to the U.S. survey results, more than 68 percent of professional photographers prefer the results of film to those of digital for certain applications including: • Film’s superiority in capturing more information on medium and large format films • Creating a traditional photographic look • Capturing shadow and highlighting details

15. U.S. Surveys • The wide exposure latitude of film • Archival storage • Today’s technology has made picture editing relatively simple for all, which is why many courts will not accept digital images as evidence because of their manipulative nature.

16. Commercial Photography • Is best defined as any photography to which money exchanges hands. • Money could be paid for the subject of the photograph or the photograph itself. Wholesale, retail, and professional uses of photography would fall under this definition.

17. Types of Commercial Photography • Advertising- Photographs made to illustrate and usually sell a service or product • Fashion and glamour- This type of photography usually incorporates models. Fashion photography emphasizes the clothes or product, glamour emphasizes the model

18. Types of Commercial Photography • Crime Scene Photography- Consists of photographing scenes of crime such as robberies and murders. • Landscape Photography- Photographs of different locations made to be sold to tourists as postcards. • Photojournalism- Photographs that are accepted as a documentation for a news story.

19. Technical Photography • The camera has a long and distinguished history as a means of recording phenomena. Examples include eclipses and small creatures when the camera is attached to a microscope. • The camera has proved useful in recording crime scenes and the scenes of accidents, one of the first uses being at the scene of the Tay Rail Bridge disaster of 1879. The pictures from this accident were used in court so that witnesses could identify pieces of the wreckage, and the technique now common place in courts of law.

20. Charles Brooke • Between 1846 and 1852 he invented a technology for the automatic registration of instruments by photography. These instruments included barometers, thermometers, psychrometers, and magentometers, which recorded their readings my means of an automated photographic process.

21. Other Photographic Image Forming Techniques • Besides the camera, other methods of forming images with light are available. For instance, a photocopy or xerography machine that forms a permanent image but uses the transfer of static electrical charges rather than photographic film, hence the term electrophotography.