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Ecological sanitation - innovative wastewater management systems

Ecological sanitation - innovative wastewater management systems. Christine Werner, Patrick Bracken, Florian Klingel Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH ecological sanitation programme, Division 44 – environment and infrastructure. Commissioned by:.

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Ecological sanitation - innovative wastewater management systems

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  1. Ecological sanitation - innovative wastewater management systems Christine Werner, Patrick Bracken, Florian Klingel Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH ecological sanitation programme, Division 44 – environment and infrastructure Commissioned by: Water Resources Protection Workshop, 2-6 May, 2005, Selam Hotel, Asmara Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  2. world water and sanitation crises The international context • Freshwater - increasingly scarcity and degrading quality • 1,1 billion people no access to safe drinking water • 2,6 billion people inadequate/no sanitation • Expected growth of the global population by 2 billion people in next 25 years, mostly in urban areas in developing and emerging market economies, and many of them doomed to poverty if no concerted effort is made to resolve the water crisis • 90 % of wastewater either poorly treated or not treated at discharge(only 25% of WWTPs built in DCs functioning) • 80 % of all diseases and 25 % of all deaths in developing countries can be attributed to polluted water (WHO) • In Sub-Saharan Africa at least 1/3 of incomes spent to treat water-borne diseases, 90% of all malaria deaths, more than 200 Million bilharzia infections, diarrhoeal diseases 240 times hi-income (Hansen, 2004) Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  3. millennium development goals (MDGs) • Achievement of poverty eradication and sustainable development by rapidly increasing access to basic requirements such as clean water, sanitation, energy, health care, food security and the protection of biodiversity • Set target for water and sanitation:To halve by 2015 the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water and those without adequate sanitation • To reach this the sanitary provision rates of the ‘90s will have to be quadrupled (UN WWDR 2003) Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  4. Why is sanitation important? • It provides a healthy environment = healthy people (able to secure improved livelihoods and break the cycle of poverty and ill-health) • For children - no diarrhoeal disease or other health hazards results in increased school attendance etc. • Can reduce number of children below 5 who die as a result of unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene. • Can particularly help improve women’s lives and increased security can protect against sexual harassment and violence for women and girls. • Preventive environmental health measures are as important and at time more cost-effective than health treatments • Basically - it saves lives!!! Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  5. Some Principles of Sanitation • It is about behaviour and hygiene, not (just) about building toilets • It is a household decision with public implications • Central and local govt have roles, but behaviour is, in the end, decided at the household level • Children matter!! • 90% of health benefits are among pre-school kids… and worm infections among school-age children • Supply and demand are critical Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  6. Why do people want sanitation ? Top 5 reasons - from the Philippines 1. No smell and flies 2. Cleaner surroundings 3. Privacy 4. Less embarrassment when friends visit 5. Less disease In Benin 1. Prestige and status 2. Comfort convenience and privacy 3. Protection against accidents in the bush 4. Increase the rent Rarely is disease prevention mentioned!! Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  7. Introduction to ecosan shortcomings of conventional watercarriage sanitation • Unsatisfactory purification or uncontrolled discharge of more than 90 % of wastewater worldwide • Severe water pollution, unbearable health risks • Consumption of precious water for transport of waste • High investment, energy, operating and maintenance costs • Frequent subsidization of prosperous areas and neglect of poorer settlements • Loss of valuable nutrients and trace elements contained in excrements due to discharge into waters • Problems with contaminated sewage sludge in combined, central systems • Linear end-of-pipe technology Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  8. shortcomings of conventional „drop and store“ sanitation Retention of solids Infiltration of liquids Pathogens Nitrates Polluted groundwater Viruses Introduction to ecosan Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  9. million tons per year (as N + P2O5 + K2O) 135 www.fertilizer.org 50 Introduction to ecosan excreta are a valuable resource • Represents nutrients with a market value of around 15 Billion US dollars. Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  10. excreta are a valuable resource • recovery of energy content (covering about 20% of cooking energy needs for a typical family in a developing country) • energy savings in fertilizer production & wastewater treatment Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  11. Introduction need for a new approach to sanitation • “business as usual“ will not allow us to provide sanitation to those who need it most.Conventional systems have failed - costs, resource efficiency, safeguarding public health and sustainability, • we cannot continue to waste our non-renewable resources • the global water, hygiene and soil degradation crisis requires new approaches • Innovative, holistic and sustainable approaches needed to provide safe and decent sanitation, reduce poverty, contribute to food security, preserve our environment and maintain the natural basis of life Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  12. Introduction to ecosan Alternative approach: ecological sanitation – “ecosan“  What does it mean? Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  13. introduction advantages of ecological sanitation • Improvement of health by minimizing the introduction of pathogens from human excrements into the water cycle • Promotion of safe, hygienic recovery and use of nutrients, organics, trace elements, water and energy • Preservation of soil fertility, Improvement of agricultural productivity • Conservation of resources • Preference for modular, decentralised partial-flow systems for more appropriate, cost-efficient solutions • Promotion of a holistic, interdisciplinary approach • Material flow cycle instead of disposal Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  14. eco-sanitation concepts and strategies eco-sanitation… • … is notjust one technology, butan approach based on an eco-system-oriented view of material flows to deal with what is presently regarded as waste and wastewater for disposal • … applies the basic natural principal of closing the loop by using modern and safe sanitation and reuse technologies • … opens up a wider range of sanitation options than those currently considered. Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  15. FOOD FOOD closing the loop between sanitation and agriculture NUTRIENTS NUTRIENTS Principles of ecosan systems Pathogen destruction Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  16. Principles and objectives of ecological sanitation • The main objectives of eco-sanitation are to: • provide affordable, hygienically safe, and desirable sanitary facilities; • reduce the health risks related to sanitation, contaminated water and waste; • prevent the pollution of surface and groundwater; • prevent the degradation of soil fertility; • optimise the management of nutrients and water resources. Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  17. Resource conservation Climate protection Business and labour promotion Flood protection Food security ecosan Integrated Water Resources Management Sustainable agriculture Health + Conservation of soil fertility ecosan is a cross-sectoral approach Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  18. 14.1 12.3 5.3 3.6 K Organics kg COD/ (Person·year) P N 1.0 0.8 Nutrient content kg N,P,K / (Person·year) Introduction to ecosan composition of household wastewater 10.000 – 200.000 l 50 l 500 l source: Otterpohl Volume Liter / (Person·year) greywater urine faeces Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  19. characteristics of substances fraction characteristic 1. faeces • hygienically critical • consists of organics, nutrients and trace elements • improves soil quality and increase its water retention capacity 2. urine • less hygienically critical • contains the largest proportion of nutrients available to plants • may contain hormones or medical residues 3. greywater • of no major hygienic concern • volumetrically the largest portion of wastewater • contains almost no nutrients (simplified treatment) • may contain spent washing powders etc. Introduction to ecosan Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  20. Introduction to ecosan fertilizer potential of human excreta source: Drangert, 1998 Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  21. urine (yellowwater) greywater (shower, washing, etc.) rainwater organic waste faeces (brownwater) hygienisation by storage or drying constructedwetlands, gardening, wastewater ponds, biol.treatment, membrane-technology filtration, biological treatment composting, anaerobic digestion anaerobic digestion, drying, composting liquid or dry fertiliser water supply, groundwater- recharge soil improvement, biogas biogas, soil improvement irrigation, groundwater- recharge or direct reuse separation of substances substances treatment utilisation Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  22. Introduction to ecosan eco-sanitation concepts and strategies To optimise cost efficient, high quality treatment and recycling options, two principles are very often being applied in ecosan systems: • flow streams with different characteristics, such as faeces, urine and greywater, are often collected separately. Rainwater harvesting and the treatment of organic waste and animal manure can also be integrated into the concepts!! • the unnecessary dilution of the flow streams is avoided, for example by using dry, low flush or vacuum transport systems. This minimises the consumption of valuable drinking water and produces high valued concentrations of recyclables. Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  23. Sanitising urine Time and Temperature Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  24. Sanitising faeces Temperature pH Ammonia Dryness Solar radiation Competition Nutrients Oxygen Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  25. Technology examples Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  26. ecosan technologies overview of ecosan technology-components Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  27. ecosan system components examples of urine diverting toilets China Dubletten, Sweden Roediger, Germany Wost-Man, Sweden  dry/wet: faeces with, urine without flush  dry/wet: faeces without, urine with flush  wet: faeces & urine with flush GTZ, Mali  waterless: faeces and urine without flush Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  28. examples of urine diverting toilets Made from concrete in Mexico, Namibia, Botswana .... Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  29. examples of urine diverting toilets Indoor UDS in Peru Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  30. Examples of urine diversion toilet slabs Urine diverting concrete slab Composting toilet with urine separation (China) Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  31. waterless urinals ecosan system components vacuum urinal KfW-building, Germany Ethiopia Mon Museum, Sweden South Africa Tepoztlan, Mexico Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  32. ecosan system components examples of composting toilets composting toilet, Germany (Berger Biotechnik) Schweden Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  33. examples of composting toilets Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  34. ecosan system components examples of dehydrating toilets various dehydration systems (with and without urine separation) “Enviroloo”-prefabricated system, South Africa “SolaSan”-prefabricated system, South Africa Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  35. Prefabricated dry UD toilet - South Africa examples of dehydrating toilets Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  36. Solar drying toilet in El Salvador examples of dehydrating toilets Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  37. ecosan system components vacuum systems elements: vacuum toilets, vacuum urinals, vacuum conductions, pumping station advantages: water saving, concentrated black water collection, decentralised treatment possible (anaerobic) manufacturer: i.e. Roediger GmbH Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  38. vacuum systems Gabarone, Botswana: Decentral wastewater collection using vacuum technology Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  39. ecosan system components membrane technology • Highly effective removal of soluble and biodegradable materials in wastewater stream • selective permeable membrane (pore sizes < bacteria) • treated water recycle potential for non-potable application • compact, flexible system Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  40. ecosan system components anaerobic treatment with biogas production small scale biogas plants: decentralised treatment of household wastewater with or without agricultural waste Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  41. tilapia carp duckweed ecosan system components aqua culture • wastewater treatment by aquatic plants and fish with nutrient recyling by human consumption • offers high quality protein at low cost • predominantly in Asian countries • fish production of 1-6 tons/ha·year) achieved Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  42. ecosan system components urine storage Various containers for urine storage: Gebers, Schweden Lambertsmühle, Deutschland Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  43. agricultural use ecosan system components direct injection of liquid fertiliser irrigation urban agriculture urban agriculture dried faeces - „soil amelioration“) composting with organic waste Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  44. Practical examples Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  45. ecosan pilot projects experimental on-site sanitation in Koulikoro, Mali (supported by GTZ) Experimental on-site sanitation module consisting of a urine diverting dehydrating latrine, shower and greywater garden Urine diverting concrete slab Greywater garden Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  46. ecosan pilot projects Integrated natural ressources management in Botswana (supported by IUCN, DED, GTZ) Introduction of ecosan systems in three communities: dehydration toilets, urine separation and fertilisation of gardens with urine urine diversion toilet made out of plastic Awareness workshop on a village level Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  47. ecosan pilot projects participatory development of ecosan solutions in Gibeon and Marienthal, Namibia (supported by GTZ) • Information, awareness building, situation and stakeholder analysis • Participatory development of ecosan systems • Pilot and demonstration units (fixed and movable dehydration toilets with urine diversion) Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  48. Traditional use of dried faeces, Afghanistan Traditional urine separating dehydration latrine with infiltration of the urine in the underground through soak pits Upgrading UDS Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  49. ecosan pilot projects ecosan public toilet centre Bangalore, India (supported by ACTS, SDC, Uni Oslo and GTZ) 8 toilet cabins, separate collection of urine, washing water and faeces, co-composting of faeces with paper and organic waste, urine and washing water for fertilizing and irrigation of the banana plantation source: seecon GmbH Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

  50. ecosan pilot projects biogas septic tanks Lesotho (supported by GTZ and DED) • 1st step (2002): small bore sewer grid for 8 houses, a biogas-septic tank unit, upflow filter based on recycled plastic bottles, wetland, 800m² vegetable and fruit garden, two household connections for the biogas as full cooking energy source • 2nd step (2003): field tests of black, greywater and urine separation Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana

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