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Community Ecology

Community Ecology. Chapter 20. Species Interactions. Predation Competition Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism. Predation. An individual of one species (predator) eats all or part of an individual of another species (prey).

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Community Ecology

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  1. Community Ecology Chapter 20

  2. Species Interactions • Predation • Competition • Parasitism • Mutualism • Commensalism

  3. Predation • An individual of one species (predator) eats all or part of an individual of another species (prey). • Examples- carnivores, herbivores (any heterotroph)

  4. Predator Adaptations • Animal Prey Adaptations • Camouflage, toxins, mimicry • Plant Prey Adaptations • Thorns, spines, sticky hairs, tough leaves, chemicals • Predator Adaptations • Teeth, fangs, venom, camouflage,

  5. Competition • Competing for resources • Interspecific Competition: 2 or more species use the same limited resources

  6. Results ofInterspecific Competition • Competitive Exclusion • 1 species uses the limited resources more efficiently than the other species does • Character Displacement • Evolution of differences in a characteristic of a species • Think: Darwin’s finches • Reduced Niche Size • Limit the use of resources and range • Resource Partitioning • Avoid competition by only using a specific part of a resource

  7. Parasitism (Symbiosis) • A relationship where 1 organism is harmed by another

  8. Mutualism (Symbiosis) • A relationship where both organisms get some benefit

  9. Commensalism (Symbiosis) • 1 organism benefits, but the other is neither helped or harmed

  10. Patterns in Communities Section 2

  11. Richness vs Evenness Species Richness Species Evenness The number of each species Measurement or estimate of the populations size for each species • The number of species in the community • Simple count of the species in the community

  12. Species Richness and Latitude • Species richness varies with latitude • The closer to the equator, the more species • Equatorial ecosystems are thought to be the oldest • Equatorial ecosystems are more stable • Photosynthesis is year round

  13. Larger areas usually contain more species than smaller areas • Larger areas usually contain a greater diversity of habitats • Species-Area Effect • Most often applied to islands • REDUCING THE SIZE OF A HABITAT REDUCES THE NUMBER OF SPECIES THAT IT CAN SUPPORT Species Richness and Habitat Size

  14. Species Richness and Species Interactions • Competitive Exclusion

  15. Species Richness and Community Stability • Disturbances • Event that change communities, remove or destroy organisms from communities, or alter resource availability • Stability • The tendency of a community to maintain relatively constant conditions (its resistance to disturbances)

  16. Ecological Succession Primary Secondary The sequential replacement of a species that follows disruption of an existing community Soil is present • The development of a community in an area that has not supported life before • No soil is present

  17. Primary Succession

  18. Secondary Succession

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